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DUBOIS

own independent organization. (Forthehistory of this university see Cullen; MacHale; Ne\\-man; Ire- land.) Other colleges are conducted by the Jesuits (Belvedere College), the Holy Ghost Fathers (Rath- mines), the Carmelites (Terenure), and the Lazarists (Castleknock). The Holy Cross College (Clonliffe) is the diocesan college or seminary for aspirants to the priesthood. For the ecclesiastical seminary of St. Patrick's, Maj-nooth, see Maynooth College.

By the New Universities Act passed in 1908, the official existence of the Catholic University of Ireland was brought to a close. This Act suppressed the Royal University of Ireland, and created two new universities in Ireland, both strictly iindrnoiniiia- tional. One had its seat in Belfast, ami .iIisoiI.imI the Queen's College al ready existing there; the other had its seat in Dublin, with a new college founded there, and absorbing the Queen's Colleges in Cork and Gal way. The new Col- leges of Dublin, Cork, and Galway, although unde- nominational under the Act, principally subserve Catholic interests, Dub- lin University (Trinity College) being left un- disturbed and mostly frequented as well as gov- erned by members of the Protestant Church. The Archbishop of Dublin is nominated, though not ex officio, a member of the Senate of the new univer- sity having a seat in Dub- lin, and also a member of the Statutory Commission charged by the Crown with the duty of re\'ising and approving of the statutes of the several colleges com- prised in the university.

Gilbert. Crede iV/jAi (Dublin, 1S971; In KM, Hiilon/ of the City

o/Dii6;i« (Dublin, 1859); Ware. CAKDINAL

ed. Harris, Antiquities of he- land (Dublin. 1764); d' Alton,

Memoirs of the Archbishops of Dublin (Dublin, 1838); Moras-, History of the Catholic Archbishops of Dublin (Dublin, 1864); Idem, 6'pici7r(7ium Ossoriense (Dublin, 1874); Renehan, Co//fo tiotwi on Irish Church History (Dublin, 1861); Shearman, Loca Fatriciana (Dublin, 1874); Halliday, Scandinavian History of Dublin (Dublin, 1864); Reports 20th, 23rd and 24th. Public Rec- ords in Ireland (Dublin. 1888. 1891. and 1892; Lewis. Topo- graphical Dictionary of Ireland (2 vols., Dublin, 1839), I, 525-65.

Nicholas Donnelly. Dubno. See Mostar.

Dubois, CiuiLLAUME, French cardinal and states- man, b. at Brive, in Limousin, 1656; d. at Versailles, 1723. He was the son of an honouralile physician and received his first education from the Fathers of the Christian Doctrine in his native place, whence he went in 1072, as beneficiary, to the College Saint- Michel in Paris. He had been engaged some nine years in private teaching when he was appointed "(168.3) sub-preceptor to the Duke of Chartres, nejjhew of Louis XIV, the full tutorship following four years later. When the Duke of Chartres became Duke of Orleans (1700), Dubois was made his secretary. Dur- ing the regency of Philippe d'Orldans he rose in rapid succession to the high positions of state councillor (1716), secretary of foreign affairs (1717), Archbishop of Cambrai (17201, cardinal and surinlemhint des pastes (1721), member of the Conseil de rcgence, and soon after, ministre jyrinn'pal (1722). The French Academy admitted him the same year and the As-

sembly of the French Clergy elected him president in 172.3, the year of his death.

Owing to his humble birth, his stanch opposition to Jansenism, and his bold reversal of the aristocratic regime prevalent under Louis XIV, Dubois was dis- liked by the noblemen of his day. On the authority of contemporary libels and Saint-Simon's niemoirs, historians of France have long repeated against him such charges as corrupting the morals of his pupil, accepting money from England, seeking, though un- worthy, ecclesiastical dignities, etc. The publication by S^velinges of Dubois's memoirs and correspondence together with the careful study of contemporary doc- iiiiiints by Seilhac, Wiesener, and Bliard — e. g. the dililoniatic papers preserved in the archives of the French, English, and Span- ish foreign offices — have thrown a new light on the suliject and partly verified till' words of Fontenclle at the time of the reception of Cardinal Dubois into the French Academy: " Les siecles suivants en sauront davantage; fiez-vous a eux". Far from catering to his pupil's wantonness, Dubois did what he could to check it, and his Plan d'iducation pour le due de Chartres shows a compe- tent and conscientious tutor. The expediency of lis foreign policy, resulting ill the Triple Alliance of France, England, and Hol- ind against Spain, like the contrary policy of Cardinal de Bernis, must be largely a matter of opinion. In so far as Dubois was con- cerned, it was the best way of serving the interests of France and counteracting the intrigues of Alberoni. Stair and Stanhope had a high regard, almost ""'" amounting to friendship,

for the minister of France, Init on both sides the charge that bribery was re-sorted to is untrue. That Dubois was not set against the natural amity between France and Spain was shoiA-n later, when, after Alberoni 's fall and the restoration of peace, he successfully negotiated the treaty of 1721 and the marriage of Louis XV with the /n/anta and that of the Prince of the As- turias with Mile de Montpensier. Dubois's career asa churchman is not above reproach. While there is no foundation for the oft-repeated assertion of his secret marriage, his gross licentiousness, and notorious im- piety even at the hour of his death, stQl it cannot be denied that he sought and used ecclesiastical dignities principally as props to his political prestige. Tonsured at the age of thirteen he bethought himself of sacred Orders only in his old age, when, the better to secure the long coveted and long denied red hat, he asked for the Archbishopric of Cambrai merely as a stepping stone to the cardinalate.

The "M^moiresdu cardinal Dubois "published by P. Lacroix (Paris, 1829) are apocrj-phal. Hisgenuine writ- ings were edited by Sdvelinges :" jlemoires secretset cor- respondance in^dite du cardinal Dubois" (Paris, 1815). Saint-.Simon, Memoires, ed. Cherdel (Paris, IS5S). with re- marks of Cheruel; Relations de Saint-Simon et de I'Abbi- Dubois mRei: Hist.l. 140; Seilhac, L'Abbe Dubois, premier ministre de Louis X V (Paris, 1862); Wiesener. Le Regent. V Abbe Dubois ct les Anglais (Paris. 1893); Bliard, Dubois, cardinal rt premier ministre (Paris, 1902), reviewed by Suahan in Catholic Univ.