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DUBLIN

rogative of nominating to vacant sees ; the claim being admitted, he named Peter Creagh, Bishop of Cork, as Archbishop of Dublin. Dr. Creagh was an exile in France, and was obliged to govern through a vicar- general. He went himself as auxiliary to the Bishop of Strasburg where he died in 1705. Of the six arch- bishops who filled the see in the seventeenth century, two could never set foot in the diocese, two died in 3xile, and two in prison. When the penal laws com- menced their ferocious career (1705) Ireland was re- duced to a single bishop, the Bishop of Dromore, and he was confined in Newgate Prison, Dublin. The new hierarchy sprang from his prison cell. Therein was consecrated (1707) Dr. O'Rorke, Bishop of Killala, and once established in the Apostolic office, he imposed hands on the newly chosen Archbishop of Dublin, Dr. Edmund BjTne, parish priest of St. Nicholas.

The population and extent of Dublin had been steadily increasing ever since the Restoration, and new quarters had grown up. Dr. Byrne's first care was to erect these into parishes. To him owe their origin St. Mary's, St. Paul's, and St. Andrew's. In 1710 the oath of abjuration, aimed against the Stuarts, but full of other objectionable matter, raised a new storm of persecution, and Dr. BjTne for a time was forced to hide with his relatives in Kildare. With

varjnng vicissitudes he continued to rule the diocese until his death in January, 1723—1. He was succeeded by Dr. Edward Murphy, transferred from Kildare. This archbishop continued to date his letters, according to the well-known formula of hunted bishops: e loco re- fugii nostri, i. e. from our place of refuge. He died in 1729 and was followed by Dr. Luke Fagan, trans- lated from Meath, who died in 1734, and had for his successor Dr. John Linegar, a native of Dublin, who lived until 1757, when his coadjutor Dr. Richard Lincoln, also a native of the city, succeeded him. In 1763 he died, and was followed by Dr. Patrick Fitz- simon who governed the see until 1770, when Dr. John Carpenter succeeded. With him may be said to com- mence the modern history of the diocese, for he was the first of the archbishops, since Archbishop Alan's time, who left behind him, carefully compiled, detailed records of the diocese. He died on 29 October, 1786. Restor.\tion of Catholic Life. — With a rapidity extraordinary for that time. Dr. John Thomas Troy, a Dominican, was transferred 9 December, 17S6, from Ossory to the Archbishopric of Dublin. For thirty- seven j'ears he govoriiod the Church of Dublin well and wi.sely. He witnessed tlie first assertion of Catho- lic rights, took part in the foundation of Majmooth College, and laid thefoundat ion stone of the metropoli- tan church in Marlborough Street, which .still does duty as pro-cathedral. Archbi.shop Troy saw the begin- nings of the Christian Brothers and the restoration of the Jesuits, while churches and schools multiplied under his eyes. He died in 1823 and was buried in the

vaults of the new metropolitan church not yet quite ready for use.

His coadjutor. Dr. Daniel Murray, a native of Wick- low, succeeded him. Educated in Salamanca, he was an eloquent, cultured, and pious ecclesiastic, de- scribed by his panegyrist as "the Francis de Sales of Ireland". To him belong the completion of the pro- cathedral, the founding of the Irish Sisters of Charity, and the communities of Loretto. He witnessed the achievement of Catholic Emancipation in 1829, the wonderful career of the Liberator, Daniel O'Connell, of the great temperance movement under Father Matliew, and the establishment of a system of national (primary) education of which he himself was ap- pointed a commissioner. The awakening of a nation and of a church to a new life and increased responsi- bilities was accomplished in his time. He died in 1852 regretted by all, and was buried in the Marlborough Street vaults, w-here in the chin-ch above them, a beaU' tiful kneeling statue by Sir Thomas Farrell, adorns the northern transept. Archbishop Murray was followed by Dr. Paul Cullen (q. v.), then Arch- bishop of Armagh, who in June, 1852, was solemnly enthroned in Dublin. He founded the diocesan sem- inary and the Mater Misericordise Hospital. He in- augurated innumerable new churches, colleges, and schools, and became the recognized champion of Cath- olic education all the world over. In 1866 he was made cardinal — Ireland's first cardinal. In 1870 he took a distinguished part in the Vatican Council, and in 1875 presided over the National Synod of Maynooth. In 1878 he went to Rome to assist at the conclave which elected Leo XIII, but arrived late, and in Octo- ber of that year passed to his reward. He is interred in the crypt of the college chapel at Clonliffe; a fine marble statue perpetuates his memory in the pro- cathedral.

In October, 1878, Dr. Edward McCabe, consecrated assistant bishop in 1877, was raised to the archiepis- copal office. His administration was short. In 1S,S2 Pope Leo conferred on him the dignity of car- dinal. Never in very robust health, he died in Feb- ruary, 1885. He was interred at Glasnevin where a handsome mausoleum is erected to his memorj'. In July, 1885, the Most Rev. William J. Walsh was ap- pointed to succeed him.

St.\tistics. — The status of the diocese (1908) is as follows: archbishop 1: bishop (of Canea) 1; par- ishes, 74; parish priests, 70; administrators, 4; cu- rates etc., 190; in diocesan seminary, 9; chaplains, 21 ; secular clergy, 293 ; regular clergy, 247 ; public churches, chapels, and oratories, 193; convents, 93. Catholic population (Census of 1901), 407,514; non- Catholic population, 112,498; total, 520,012.

The religious orders are very well represented in Dublin by houses of Augustinians, Capuchins, Car- melites, Dominicans, Franciscans, Holy Ghost Fathers, Jesuits, Lazarists, Marists, Oblates, and Pas- sionists. Dublin is the residence of the Superior Gen- eral of the Irish Christian Brothers and the seat of their novitiate. Numerous sisterhoods, both within and without the city (Sisters of Charity, Mercy, Loretto, Dominican, Presentation, Carmelite, Holy Faith, Sacred Heart, Poor Clares, Assumption, Bon Secours, Poor Servants, Heart of Mary, etc.) devote themselves to the usual works of education and charity (hospi- tals, orphanages, asylums for the aged poor, for the blind, and for deaf-mutes of both sexes, industrial schools, homes, refuges, lunatic asylimis, etc.).

The Catholic University of Ireland, founded in 1854, consists (since 1882) of the following (6) col- leges located for the most part near Dublin: St. Patrick's College, Maynooth; University College, St. Stephen's Green (Jesuits); University College, Black- rock (Holy Ghost Fathers); St. Patrick's College, Car- low; Holy Cross College, Clonliffe; and the School of Medicine, Dublin. Each of these colleges retains its