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 DOLOURS

100

DOME

building in San Francisco, and which survived the earthquake of 1906 practically without damage, was laid in 1782 and finished with a thatched roof. In 1795 tiles replaced the thatch. The mission buildings as usual were erected in the form of a square. The church stood in the south-east corner fronting the east. The wings of the square contained the rooms of the missionaries, two of whom were always there until about June, 182S. the shops of the carpenters, smiths, saddlers, rooms for melting tallow and making soap, for agricultural implements, for spinning wool and wea\ang coarse fabrics. There were twenty looms in constant opera- tion, and two mills moved by mule-power ground the grain. Most of the neo- phytes were engaged in agriculture and stock-rais- ing. Owing to the barren nature of the soil and the high winds in the neigh- bourhood, sowing and planting was done ten or twelve miles down the peninsula. The stock also grazed far away from the mission. About one hun- dred yards from the church stood the neophyte vil- lage, composed of eight rows of one-story dwell- ings. The girls lived at the mission proper under the

Dolores Mission, San Francisco

careof amatron (see Californi.v Missions). Aschool was in operation in 181S. The highest number of In- dians living at the mission was reached in 1820, when 1242 neophj-tes made their home with the missionaries and received food, clothing, and instruction. The first baptism of an Indian occurred on 24 June, 1777. From that date till October, 184,5, when the last Francis- can departed, 7200 names entered into the baptismal record, about 500 of which represented white people. During the same period 5503 deaths occurred, and 2156 marriages were blessed; about eighty of the lat- ter were those of white couples. From 1785 to the end of 1832, for which period we have the reports, the mission raised 120,000 bushels of wheat, 70,226 bushels of barley, 18,260 bushels of corn, 14,386 bushels of beans, 7296 bushels of peas, and 905 bushels of lentils and garvanzos or horse beans. The largest number of animals owned by the mission was as follows: cattle, 11,340 head in 1809 : sheep. 1 1 ,:-i24 in 181 4 ; gnats, 65 in 1786; horses, 1239 in 1,831; mules, 45 in 1813.

Records ol I)nii>iii\s on tiii: li mj

Mission San

Francisco^ Ms.- Archives of Mission >Sanla Barbara, Ms.; Font, Dinrio at Berkeley University, Ms. (Berkeley, Cat); Palou, Noticias (San Francisco. 1874), II. IV; Paloc, Vida del Fray Jnnipero Serra (Mexico, 1787); Bxncroft, Hislon/ of California (San Francisco, 1886). I, V; Enoelhardt, The Franciscans in California (Harbor Springs, Mich., 1897),

Zephyrin Engelhardt. Dolours of the Blessed Virgin Mary. See Sor-

ROW.S OF THE BlES.SKO ViRGIN MaRV.

Dolphin (Lat. delphinus). — The u.se of the dolphin as -.1 Christian symbol is connected with the general idtiis underlying the more general use of the fish (q. v.). The particular idea is that of swiftness and celerity symbolizing the desire with which Christians, who are thus represented ius being sharers in the na- ture of Christ the true Fish, should seek after the knowledge of Christ. Hence the representation is generally of two dolphins tending towards the sacred monogram or some other emblem of Christ. In other

cases the particular idea is that of love and tenderness. Aringhi (Roma Subterr., 11, .327) gives an example of a dolphin with a heart, and other instances have some such motto as pignus a.mori.s habe.s (i. e. thou hast a pledge of love). It is sometimes used as an emblem of merely conjugal love on funeral monuments. With an anchor the dolphin occurs frequently on early Christian rings, representing the attachment of the Christian to Christ crucified. Speaking generally, the dolphin is the symbol of the individual Christian, rather than of Christ Himself, though in some in- stances the dolphin with the anchor seems to be in-

tended as a representation

of Christ upon the Cross.

Mamachi, De Orig. ct Ant. Chr., iii; Martignv, Diet, des Ant. Chr., s. v.; Smith and Cheetham, ed., Diet, of Chris- tian Antiq., s. v.; see especially WiLPERT, Le Pitture delle Cata- combe Romane (Freiburg, 1903); and Dalton, Catalogue of Early Christian Antiquities etc. in the British Museum (London, 1901).

Arthur S, B.^rnes.

Dozn. See Benedic- tine Order.

Dome (Lat. domus, a house), an architectural term often used synony- mously with cupola. Strictly speaking it signifies the external part of a spherical or polygonal covering of a building, of which the cupola (q. v.) is the inner structure, but in general usage dome means the entire covering. It is also loosely used, as in the German Dom and Italian Duomo, to designate a cathedral, or, at times, to signify some other building of importance. A dome may be of any material, wood, stone, metal, earthenware, or it may be built of a single mass or of a double or even triple series of concentric coverings. The dome is a roof, the base of which is a circle, an ellipsis, or a polygon, and its vertical section a curved line, concave towards the interior. Hence domes are called circular, ellip- tical or polygonal, according to the figure of the base. The most usual form is the spherical, in which case its plan is a circle, the section a segment of a circle. Domes are sometimes semi-elliptical, pointed, often in curves of contrary fle.xure, bell-.shaped, etc. Except in the earlier period of the development of the dome, the in- terior and exterior forms were not often alike, and, in

the space be- tween, a staircase to the lantern was gener- ally made.

Domes are of two kinds, simple and compound. In the simple dome, the dome and the pendentives are in one, and the height is only a little greater than that of an intersecting vault formeil by semicircular arches. The dome over the central part of the tomb of Galla Placidia, at Ravenna, and those over some of the aisles of Saint Sophia, Const:intinople, are of this description. In the compcnmd dome two methods were followed. In both methods greater height is obtained, anil the compoimd dome was consequently the one used on all important buildings of the later period. In one, the tlome starts directly from the top of the circle formed by the pendentives; in the other, a cylindrical wall or "drum" intervenes betweon the pendentives and the dome, thus raising the latter con- siderably. In churches with domes without drums, the windows are in the dome itself immediately above the springing; otherwise, they are in the drum, and the surface of the dome is generally unbroken. At