Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 4.djvu/865

 DIDACUS

781

DIDASCALIA

from Palestine. There are really no materials even for a conjecture on the subject.

A I,alin fragment of (he Two Ways was published in 1723 1)V Pkz in Thesaurus Anrcilolorum. iy._ The first Greek edition is Ai£a,\r) TMV Sw5tKa airoffxoAwi' ck tou 'Ifpoao^i'txtTLKOv Xeipoypd'ttov vvv irputToi' e«6e5oMe'tTJ fieri irpoAeYOM«i'wi' Kal ar)tLfnit(Teutv . . . '\n'o 4nAo0e'ou Spvfvyiov^ p.TjTpono\iTov Ni»ii(l.tii. Iss7'. The Latin version was published by .'^i iu.ki ii r. lirst in a siuihns brochure, then in a larger edition with the Greek ami note.s (Freiburg im Br., 1900-1901). Of the Greek a very large num- ber of editions have appeared, mostly with translations; de ROME3TIN (Oxford, 18S4); Spence (London, 1885); Hitch- cock AND Brown (New York, 1884-5); Fitzgerald (New York, 1884); Orris (New York, 1884); Schapf (New York, 1884-9); also by Sab.itier (Paris, 1885); Jacquier (Lyons, 1881); MlNASi (Rome. 1891). It was included in Hilgenfeld, A^oii. Test, extra canonem receplum (1884), fasc. iv, and in the editions of the Apostolic Fathers by Lightfoot-Har,«er (with Eng. tr., 1891-3-8), Gebhardt, Harnack and Zahn (Leipzig, 1900), FcNK (Tubingen, 1901), and Vizzini (Rome, 1902). Special notice is called for by the following: Tayi-or, The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, with Illustrations from the Tal- mud (Cambridge, 1908); Idem, An Essay on the Theology of the Didachc (Cambridge, 1889); Idem in Journal of Philol., XVIII, XIX, XXI, and in Journal of Theol. Studies (Oct., 1906); Bart- let in Hastings, Diet, of Bib. (extra vol., 1904); Harnack, Die Lehre der zwulf Apostel (larger ed., Leipzig. 1884) and Die Apostellehre und die jiidischen zwei Wege (smaller ed., Leipzig. 1886 and 1896); Idem, Gesch. der altehr. Litt., I, 86 and II iChronol., I). 428; Funk, Doctrina XII Apostolorum (Tubingen, 1887)- and the introduction to his ed. of the Ap. Fathers, supra; Idem in Tub. Theol. Quartalschr.. LXVI, LXVIII, LXIX, LXXVI, LXXIX (1884-86-87-94-97); much of the matter of these articles is republished by Funk in his Kirchengeschieht- liche Abhandlungen (Paderbom, 1899). II. Among other mat- ter also Savi, La Dottrina dei XII Ap., ricerche critiche suW origine del testo (Rome, 1893); and in Studi e docum. di storia e dirilto (1892), XIII; Hennecke, Die Grundschrift der Didache und ihre Recensionen in Zeitschr. fur N.-T. Wiss. (1901). II; Kocil, Die Did. bei Cyprian, ibid. riOO?), ^^II; Chiappelli, Studi di arUica letteratura cri-f:r-'r 'Turin. l-^sT': IinEUZEin

Rev. d'hist. ecd. (Louvain, li"!' 11 ' '■ •' i-iry in the

Didache, see Revhlle (Proi, ' ' rni (Paris,

1894); MicmELS (Cath.). Or;, ./, ■ I ■ u .;iin, 1900).

On baptism. Bigg in Jour, of i h, „l. .s/„./i.,, ululy, 1904), v. Dr. Bigg (ibid., VI, April, 1905) plac&s the Didache in the fourth century. On the saying (Did., i, 6), "Let thy alms sweat in thy hands, till thou know to whom to give", see T\yi,oh in .lour, of Philol, XIX (as above); Turner in Jour. -' 7' ' '•' /;rs (July, 1906), VII. On the relation of the Bi / calia Apostolorum and to the Ap. Con-stituli" k.

Die Ap. Const. (Rottenburg. 1S911 and hi- ., ^

Apost: (Paderbom, 1906). Hoi.ziift, Die Al.i, .,■ \'/r.

Didask. von der Didache (Munich, ls;)S\ Thi.s li,l is i.ut an excerpt from the enormous literature since l.s,S4. Biblio- graphy to 1895 in Chevalier, T-iim-hibhogrnpliir: .summaries in Schlecht, loc. cit., to 1900; in Ehhhari., Allchr. Lill., to 1900; in Bardenhewer, Gesch. der altehr. Litt., to 1902.

John Chapman.

Didacus, Saint, lay brother of the Order of Friars Minor, date of b. uncertain; d. at Alcald, Spain, 12 Nov., 146.3. He wa,s born of poor parents who placed him under the direction of a hermit living in the neighbourhood of San Nicohts del Puerto, his native town. Feeling himself called to the religious life, he applied for admission to the Franciscan Order at the convent of Arizafa and was received as a lay brother. In 1445 he was chosen guardian of the Franciscan community on the Canary Island of Fortaventura; and though it was an exception to the ordinary rules for a lay brother to be made superior, his great zeal, prudence, and sanctity fully ju.stified his choice by the religious of Ca.stile. He remained superior at Forta- ventura until 1449 when he was recalled to Spain, whence he wont to Rome to be present at the canoni- zation of St. Bemardine of Siena in H.iO. At Rome he fulfilled the huinl>le office of infirmarian in the convent of Ara Cceli; and his biographers record the miracu- lous cure of many whom he attended, through his pious intercession. He w^as finally recalled to Spain and was sent by his superiors to Alcala where he spent the remaining years of his life in penance, solitude, and the delights of contemplation. St. Didacus was can- onized by Sixtus V in 1588. His feast Ls kept in the order on the twelfth of November.

WiDDlsG, Annales Minarum (Rome, 1732\ XIII. 281-321; Leo, Lives of the Sainl.i and lilcssed of the Three Orders of St. Franciit (Taunton, 1887), IV. 53-60.

Stephen M. Donovan.

Didascalia Apostolorum, a treatise which pre- tends to have been written by the Apostles at the time of the Cinincil of .Icrusalem (Acts, xv), but is really a cinnjiosition of the third century. It was first publislieil in 1854, in Syriac. In 1900 a Latin translation, perhaps of the fourth century, was dis- covered, more than half of which has perished. The iiris;iii:il uas in (ireek. and this can be to some extent restorcil by;i comparison with the Apostolic Consti- tutions, the first eight books of which are simply a revised and enlarged edition of the Didascalia. The attempt at restoration made by Lagarde was a failure, but an excellent guide is now at hand in the new edition (1906) by Ftmk, in which the Greek of the Apostolic Constitutions is printed side by side with the Latin of the Didascalia, a translation from the Syriac supplying the lacuna; of the old Latin version. Everything in the Apostolic Constitutions which is not found in the Didascalia is underlined, so that the relations of the two documents, and to a great ex- tent the original Greek of the Didascalia, can be seen at a glance.

The full title given in the Syriac is " Didascalia, that is, the Catholic doctrine of the twelve Apostles and the holy disciples of our Lord". The contents are the same as those of the corresponding books of the Apostolic Constitutions. Especially noticeable is the treatment which bishops are ordered to give to penitents. Even great sinners, on repentance, are to be received with kindness. No sins are excepted. The canonical penance is to be of two to seven weeks. This legislation is obviously subsequent to Novatian- ism; it is not so certainly aimed against Novatianism. The church officials are bishops, deacons, priests, widows (and orphans); deaconesses are also added, in one place lectors, and once subdeacons. These last may have been interpolated. This organization is be- hind that of Rome under Pope Cornelius in 251; hence Funk in 1891 placed the date of the work in the first half of the third century. But the whole Western system never spread to the East, and the de- velopment was uneven. Funk therefore withdrew this opinion in 1901, giving the .second half of the cen- tury as the true date. The heresies mentioned are those of Simon Magus and Cleobius (this name is given also by Hegesippus), with Gnostics and Ebionites. Against these, Christians must believe in the Trinity, the Scriptures, and the Resurrection. The original Law of Moses is to be observed, but not the Second Law, or Deuterosis, which was given to the Jews on ac- count of the hardness of their hearts. The Old Testa- ment is frequently quoted, and often at great length. The Gospel is cited by name, usually that of St. Mat- thew, the others less often, and that of St. John least of all, as it was traditionally held to have been written at a much later date than that which the Didascalia claims for itself. Acts and nearly all the Epistles are freely employed, including Hebrews, but the Apoca- lypse is not cited. None of these could be named. Harnack has gone quite wrong in arguing that the only place in which the Fourth ( Jospel is c^uoted for- mally as the Gospel is an interpolation, with the in- ference (at which he naturally expresses his surprise) that the author did not know or did not esteem that Gospel. (A quotation of the pericope de aduUerd, John, viii, is important.) Harnack further holds that the gentle treatment of sinners is an interpolation intended against Novatianism, and that the deacon- es.ses as well as the subdeacon are a later addition. He dales the original form in the first half of the third century, and the additions in the last quarter of it; but the reasons given are very weak. Achelis leaves the whole of the century open, but says that the later the work is placed in it, the better he feels he under- stands it.

The earliest mention of the work is by St. Epipha- niiis, who believed it to be Apostolic. He found it in