Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 4.djvu/820

 DEPOSIT

738

DERBE

to the twelfth century the expressions deposition and degradation meant one and the same canonical punishment. We know, for instance, that Paul, Pa- triarch of Alexandria (541), and Ignatius, Patriarch of Constantinople (861), met with the same kind of pun- ishment; yet in the first case it is styled deposition and in the second degradation. Moreover, deposition always deprived ecclesiastics of the office they held by the ordinary title of ordination, and it was nearly al- ways coupled with the ceremony of divesting delin- quents of the garments used in the functions of their sacred ministry. In process of time, when, first by custom and subsequently by decree of Alexander III (c. At si clericis, IV, De judiciis), bishops were al- lowed to dispense from that penalty in crimes of lesser gravity than adultery, the solemn stripping of the sa- cred vestments was discontinued, to save the trouble of restoruig their use in case of reinstatement. The new practice created imcertaintj' and variety m the exe- cution of deposition, hence Boniface VIII (c. ii. De poenis, in VI°) at the request of the Bishop of B^ziers decreed that the formal removal of vestments, which now means and effects total exclusion from the eccle- siastical state, was to take place only in cases of actual degradation.

As stated above, total deposition proliibits the ex- ercise of powers conferred by ordination, and effects a complete and perpetual deprivation of ecclesiastical offices, benefices, and dignities. It also disqualifies from obtaining them in future, while public disgrace or infamy and irregularity are inflicted on those who dis- regard this punishment. The character impressed by ordination being indelible, deposition from orders can only deprive a person of the right of exercising them. Deposition from office always effects the loss of the benefice annexed to it, as benefices are given on ac- count of the spiritual office. On the other hand, de- position from benefice never renders an ecclesiastic incapable of licitly exercising his ministry; it is main- tained, ho%ve ver, t hat it deprives htm even of the right to a share of the temporal emoluments for his decent sup- port. According to the present discipline of the Church deposition is inflicted only for enonnous crimes, such as cause public scandal and do great harm to religion or morals, e. g. murder, pulilic concubinage, blasphemy, a sinful and incorrigible tenor of life, etc. It Ls largely left, however, to the prudent judgment of the superior to determine in each case the gravity of the crime which deserves this punishment. In fact, deposition is now rarely inflicted ; simple dismissal, to- gether with perpetual suspension, usually takes its place. (See Lay Communion.)

Smith, Elem. of Ecd. Law (New York, 1889); Sthemler, Traite d^s peines ecclfsiastiques (Paris, 1860); Hollweck, Kirchl. Strafgesetze (Mainz, 1899); Vox Kober, Deposition und Degradation, etc. (Tubingen, 1867); Gennari. Privazione del beneflcio ecdesiaslico (Rome, 1905); all commentators on the title De Panis, X (V, 37) ; Hergenrother, The Papal Depriv- ing Power (1876) ; Roma Sacra in The Dublin Review (Lon- don, July, 1907).

S. Luzio.

Deposit of Faith. See Faith.

Depres, Josquin (diminutive of Joseph), latinized JcsQuiNUS Pratbnsis, b. probably c. 1450 at Conde, Hainault, Belgium ; d. there 27 August, 1521. He was the most gifted and most learned contrapuntist and composer before Palest rina and was the head of the Second Netherland School. At an early age he be- came choir boy in the collegiate church of Saint-Quen- tin in his native town. After his voice changed he studied counterpoint under Okeghem (1430-1494). In 1471 he was at the court of the Sforza in Milan and, in 14S0, in tlie service of Lorenzo the Magnificent in Florence. From 1486 to 1494 (except the year 1487- 14SS, which he spent in Ferrara), Josquin was a mem- ber of the papal choir imder Pope Innocent VIII. He then entered the service of King Louis XII of France. The opinion that, towards the end of his career, he was

identified with the musical personnel of the court of the Emperor Maximilian I lacks confinnation. De- pres dominated the musical world of his time, not only on account of his learning and skill but particularly because of his originality. His vivid conception of the meaning and dramatic possibilities of the sacred texts, as well as his great inventiveness, enabled Jos- quin to free himself more than any other composer before Palestrina from the conventions of his time. In consequence, most of the works of Depres show the stonn and stress of a transition period, in contrast to the productions of his successor, Palestrina, which breathe serenity and repose. Josquui's fame was overshadowed by Palestrina and his school, and the subsequent change in taste caused his works to be neglected and finally forgotten. The present age, however, is doing justice to those early masters in music who laid the foundation for that which is great- est in sacred polyphony. Josquin wrote thirty-two masses, seventeen of which were printed by Petrucci (1466-1539) in Fossombrone and Venice. Others were preserved in MS. in the archives of the papal choir in Rome and in the libraries of Munich, Vienna, Basle, Berlin, the Ratisbon cathedral, and Cambrai. Motets by Deprfe were published by Petrucci, Pierre .\ttaignant (15.33), Tylman Susato (1544), and by Le Roy and Ballard (1555). Nmnerous fragments and shorter works are reproduced in the historical works of Forkel, Burney, Hawkins, Busby, and in Choron's col- lection.

.\mbros. Gesch. der Musik (Leipzig. 1881). Ill; M6nil, Jos^ qitin de Prrs el son ecole (Paris, 1896); Haberl, Die romische Schola Canlorum (Ratisbon, 1SS8).

Joseph Otten.

De Profundis (Out of the depths), first words of Psalm cx.xix. The author of this Psalm is unknown; it was composed probably during the Babylonian Exile, or perhaps for the day of penance prescribed by Esdras (I Esd., ix, 5-10). The hard school of suft'ering during the Exile had brought the people to the confession of their guilt and had kindled in their hearts faith and hope in the Redeemer and confidence in the mercy of God. The De profundis is one of the fifteen Gradual Psalms, which were sung by the Jewish pilgrims on their way to Jerusalem, and which are still contained in the Roman breviarj". It is also one of the seven Peniten- tial Psalms which, in the East and West, were already used as such by the early Christians. In the Divine Office the De profundis is simg every Wednesday at Vespers, also at the second Vespers of Christmas, the words Apud Dominum misericordia et eopiosa apud eum redemptio, reminding us of the mercy of the Father W'ho sent His Son for the redemption of man- kind. It is also used in the ferial prayers of Lauds and in the Office of the Dead at Vespers. The Church recites this psalm principally in her prayers for the dead; it is the psalm of the holy souls in purgatorj-, the words of the Psalmist appljang well to the longing and sighing of the souls exiled from heaven. It is recited at funerals by the priest, before the corpse isi taken out of the house to the church.

W'OLTER. Psallite sapienler (Freiburg, 1907\ 1. 143; ScHCLTE, Die Psalmen des Bmners (Paderbom, 1907), 390.

F. G. HOLWECK.

Derbe, a titular see of Lyeaonia, Asia Minor. This city was the fortress of a famous leaderof banditti, when it was captured by Amjmtas, the last King of (ial;itia (Strabo, XII, i, 4; vi, 3; Dio Cas.sius, XLIX, xxxii) In Roman times it struck its own coins. It w:i> successfully evangelized by St. Paul and St. Barnaba.- (Acts, xiv, 6, 20, 21), and again visited by St. I'^U'ru (Acts, xvi, 1). Derbe became a suffragan see off" Iconium ; it is not mentioned by later " Notitia; Episf copatuum", and we know but four bishojjs, from 381 to G72 (I^quien, Oriens Christ., I, lOSl). The site ol m thecity has not yet been surely identified; the discuS'

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