Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 4.djvu/814

 DENONVILLE

732

DENONVILLE

style (basilica, round arches, pointed arches) succeed each other as in the rest of Europe, though they were partly influenced by Cistercian and Brigittine forms. Alongside of churches with parallel naves are others with transepts, and even round churches. Church steeples seem to have occasionally served as means of defence. After the religious schism, people confined themselves in the main to preserving the existing buildings. The beautiful temples now used in Protest- ant worship were all built in Catholic times. On the other hand, the Evangelical kings spent large amoimts in erecting and furnishing splendid castles, among which we may mention Ivronborg (sixteenth) and Frederiksborg (seventeenth century). Only Copen- hagen exhibits important edifices of modern times, e. g. St. Mary's church, the Thorwaldsen Museum, the city hall, and other buildings. Prominent architects of tlie eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were Bin- desboll, who erected the Thorwaldsen museum; Peter Fenger, who won fame as a designer of chiu-ches and as an author; Chr. Fr. Hansen, builder of churches and public buildings; Theophilus Hansen, an eminent master whose works embellish Austria and Greece; Henry Hansen, whose influence on artistic handicrafts in Demnark can hardly be over-estimated; finally, Harsdorf, Melbye, and Uldall; the last deserves special credit as the historian of bell-casting.

b. Sculpture. — That the art of carving and chiselling was practised diligently and with some success ever since the introduction of Christianity, is proved by altars, crucifixes, choir stalls, etc. still found in churches or museums. The names of the masters can, however, rarely be ascertained with any degree of certainty. We know, e. g., that a certain Liutger is the maker of a very fine crucifi.x carved from a walrus- tooth. This cross now adorns the Danish National Museum and bears the inscription: "Qui in Christum crucifixum credunt, Liutgeri memoriam orando faci- ant". The sixteenth century seems to have been barren of skilful sculptors. We only know that a cer- tain Berg, a German born in Lubeck, carved beautiful ivory ornaments and also distinguished himself as a painter. Many artists from various countries worked either permanently or temporarily in Denmark (Ger- mans — as Rossler, Preisler, Reinliardt, Schwabe; Englishmen — as Stanley; Frenchmen — as Villars, Boudan, Prieur; Italians — as Gianelli, Miani, Guioni; Spaniards — as Molinedo, de Corte; Dutchmen — as Vermehren, van Egen; Jews — as Levi, Levisohn, Saly, Salamon). Among the native sculptors, Bissen, Jerichau, Peters, and Wiedewelt deserve mention, and above all the famous Thorwaldsen (1770-1844); the engravers Clemns and Lund ; the engravers Adzer and Christiansen.

e. Painting. — There was never a lack of painters in Denmark. This is proved by the great number of beautiful frescoes in the cathedrals at Aarhus, Ribe, Roskilde, Viborg, etc., whitewashed in the sixteenth century, but re-discovered of late and restored at great cost. Abildgaard (1743-1809), himself a notable artist (historical painter), must be considered as the father of the Danish school of painting in modern times, which has produced excellent works of art along various lines. Among the historical painters are Eck- ersberg, C. C. C. Hansen, Christ, Hoyer, Marstrand, Miiller, Paulsen, Simonsen, and Albert Kuchler (died a Catholic and a Franciscan lay-brother at Rome 1886). The pictures of his youth exhibit a joyous mood; the creations of his later life show a deep earnestness. Skilful portrait-painters are Bache, Bendz, Baerentzen, Copmann, H. Hansen, Juel, Roed; genre painters are Exner, Hammer, Sonne; Ottesen was distinguished as a flo wer- painter ; miniature- painters: Hoyer as a miniaturist. Especial prefer- ence is given to landscapes, marine and animal can- vases. Excellent landscape painters were (or are) Aegard, Kroyer, Lundbye, Hens MoUer, Skovgaard;

marine painters: Larsen, Melbye, Neumann; beauti- ful reproductions of animal life are to be credited to Gebauer and Lundbye.

Dehio-Bezold, Die kirchliche Bauknnst des AbenjUnnds, p. 397 — its introductory chapters contain a detailed literature, e. g. monographs on Rihe (Helms), Roskilde (Loffler, Lange, Kernerup), Odense {Momme, LaiiriUen); Loffler, Udsigi orer Danmarks Kirkebygninger fra d^n tidligere Middelalder (Copenhagen, 1883); Dietrichsohx, De NoTske Stavkirker (Christiania. 1892); Wrangel. Tegelarkitektur i norra Europa (Anlqu. Tidskr. for Sverige)\ Steffen, Roinarmka smakirker % Oestersjoldnderna {Bidrag tiU var odlings hdfder, Sfnckholm, 1901); Weilbach, Nyt Dansk Kunstnerlexikon {Copenhagen, 1896-97).

P. WiTTMAN.

Denonville, J.^^cqdes-Renb de Brisay, Seignetir -\ND Marqi-is de, b. in 16.38 at Denonville in the de- partment of Eure-et-Loir, France; d. 1710. Nothing is known of him prior to his arrival in Canada, except that he was colonel of a regiment of dragoons and in 1668 had married Catherine Courtin, daughter of Germain Courtin, Seigneur de Tanqueux, Beauval, Moncel, etc., and of Catherine Laffemas. Appointed governor of New France, Denonville, accompanied by his wife and two young daughters, left La Rochelle early in June, 1685, and arrived at Quebec 1 August. His special mission was to win the sympathies of the Indians, establish peace with them, and make war upon the Tsonnontouans, a branch of the Iroquois who were even more to be feared than the Agniers. Denonville soon realized that he did not have troops enough at his disposal, and asked assistance from France. Moreover, a powerful enemy confronted him in the person of Thomas Dougan, Governor of New York, who was constantly urging the Iroquois against the French. During the winter of 1686-87 prepara- tions were under way for a campaign in the following summer; forts were put in a state of defence, and the savage allies of the French, such as the Miami, the Illinois, and the Ottawas, were asked to send warriors to Niagara there to join the main body in the early part of July. In the spring of 1687, 800 naval recruits reached Quebec under the command of the Chevalier de Vaudreuil, and on 11 June about 2000 men, under Denonville, repaired to Catarocony, thence to invade the country of the Tsonnontouans. Had he been less humane Denonville could have completely subjected the Tsonnontouans, but he erred by allowing them too much liberty. The position of the colony was consequently still insecure, and the other Iroquois tribes, affected but little or not at all by the routing of the Tsonnontouans, continued their attacks and depredations. Denonville believed that the Iroquois would come of their own accord and propose peace. But Sir Edmund Andros, Governor of New England, still less tractable than Governor Dongan, had agi- tated the question of boundaries between the posses- sions of the King of England and those of France, the clima.x to his claims being his seizure of P'ort Saint- Castin (1688). New peace negotiations took place between the French and the Iroquois, but the diplo- macy of a Huron chief Tionnontate, called Kortdia- rank, or the "Rat", upset everything. By the au- tumn of 1688 the colony was in a lamentable state, sickness had decimated its troops, 1400 of the 12,000 who formed the entire population of New France had fallen victims to the destructive scourge, and the forts were abandoned.

The winter of 1688-89 was one of wild alarms, espe- cially in the vicinity of Montreal, which was easiest of access to the Iroquois, and during the summer these merciless barbarians, to the number of 1400, invaded the island of Montreal and slew the inhabitants of Lachine. This onslaught caused the utmost conster- nation among the colonists. Great joy prevailed when it « as amioimced that the Comte de Frontenac, who had alreaily governed the colony for ten yeare (1672-82), would replace the Marquis de Denonville