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DE L'ORME

however, regarded with distrust by Dr. Manning (afterwards Cardinal and Archbishop of Westminster) and other Catholics, who also took exception to Mr. de Lisle's treatise " On the Future Unity of Christen- dom". The matter was referred to Rome and was finally settled by a papal rescript addressed "Ad omnes episcopos Angliae", dated 16 September, 1864, which condemned the association and directed the bishops to take steps to prevent Catholics from join- ing it. This was a great blow to Mr. de Lisle, who considered that "the authorities had been deceived by a false relation of facts" (Letter to Editor of Union Review, 20 Dec, 1864 ; Life, I, 400). He how- ever withdrew his name from the A. P. U. C. "under protest, as an act of submission to the Holy See". The ground on which the association was condemned was that it subverted the Divine constitution of the Church, inasmuch as its aim rested on the supposition that the true Church consists partly of the Catholic Church in commimion with Rome, "partly also of the Photian Schism and the Anglican heresy, to which equally with the Roman Church belong the one Lord, the one faith and one baptism" (Rescript, in Life, I, 388). Mr. de Lisle's own pamphlet was not censured, but the condemnation of the A. P. U. C. was regarded by him as the death-blow of his hopes for the reunion of Christendom during his own lifetime. But his own belief in it persevered and influenced his views in other Catholic affairs. Thus he warmly supported the at- tendance of Catholics at the English universities, and he even approved of the abortive project of a Uniat English church.

The rest of his life passed without any very special incident, though he continued ever to take an interest in public affairs as affecting the fortunes of the Church, and in the same connexion he carried on intimate and cordial correspondence with men so different as Newman, Gladstone, and Montalembert. He counted among his friends John, Earl of Shrews- bury, Cardinal Wiseman, Pugin, Faber, and many other well-known Catholics, and though he differed on many points from Cardinal Manning and Dr. W. G. Ward he remained on friendly terms with both. He died a holy death at Garendon, leaving his saintly wife and eleven of his si.xteen children surviving him. Besides the pamphlets mentioned above he wrote a remarkable work, " Mahometanisra in its relation to Prophecy; or an Inquiry into the prophecies concern- ing Anti-Christ, with some reference to their bearing on the events of the present day " (1855). He also translated Father Dominic's "Lamentations of Eng- land" (1831); Manzoni's "Vindication of Catholic Morality" (1836); Montalembert 's "St. Elizabeth of Hungary" (1839); Rio's "La petite Chouannerie" (1842) ; " Maxims and Examples of the Saints ' ' (1844) ; and he compiled : " Manual of Devotion for the Con- fraternity of the Living Rosary" (1843); "Catho- lic Christian's Complete Manual" (1847); "The Little Gradual" (1847); "Thesaurus animae Chris- tiana;" (1847); "Sequentis de Festis per Annum" (1862). He also wrote many articles for the press, of which many were issued in pamphlet form, but a complete bibliography has not hitherto been com- piled.

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Asos. .L,fe..! HI. ■' /'- .- //..- ining some letters; /.!/. „/ Fr. 1866); GlLLOW, Bibl. Did. Eng. Cooper in Did. Nal. Biog.. XIV (London, 1888); W.\rd, Life of Cardinal Wiseman. II, 479 (Lon- don, 1897); Cruikshank, Laura de Lisle, her Life and Character (1897).

Edwin Burton.

Delisle, Guillaume, reformer of cartography, born 28 FeViruary, 1675, in Paris; died there 25 Janti- ary, 1726. His father, Claude Delisle (1644-1720),

having completed his law studies, settled in Paris as private teacher in geography and history, and after- wards filled the office of royal censor. He was also a cartographer, and in 1696 drew up a map in manu- script and also took part in his son's first works, "The Map of the World" and "The Map of the Continents", both published in 1700. These and the terrestrial maps produced subsequently, which sur- passed all similar publications, established the son's fame. In 1702 he became cUve, in 1716 adjoint, and in 1718 associe of the Academie des Sciences; and, as the young king's instructor in geography, received the title of First Royal Geographer with a fixed salary, an office which was then created for the first time.

Guillaume Delisle adopted entirely new principles in cartography and set about making a thorough re- form in that subject. The map-pubHshers of the time did not know how to utilize the material supplied mainly by the French astronomers of the latter half of the seventeenth century, and Delisle recognized that the new methods of measuring by scale and of marking the places were very valuable for cartography; with this help he therefore produced a new and perfect pic- ture of the world. When his astronomical informa- tion fell short he carefully examined and sifted all the books of travel and all the maps he could find, and the products of this reading were dovetailed neatly into the facts which he had already at hand. According to a fixed method he worked up the several continents and countries one by one. France in particular. In disputed points he named his source on the map or wrote additional notes, the majority of which were published in the writings of the Academy. One par- ticular recommendation of his charts is that he em- ployed a fixed scale of measurement for regions closely connected with one another. No less famous than his astronomical corrections are the completeness of his topography and the care displayed in the orthog- raphy of the names.

An accurate summary of his charts and treatises with the highest commendation is given by Christian Sandler, Die Reformation der Kartographie um 1700 (Munich. 1905).

Otto Hartig.

De L'Orme, Philibert, celebrated architect of the French Renaissance, b. at Lyons, c. 1515 or a little later; d. at Paris, S January, 1570. Of the exact date of his birth there exists no documentary evidence. He was the son of Jehan de L'Orme, a master builder of Lyons, from whom he received his training. At an age when he speaks of himself as being "of great youth" Philibert was at Rome, where his curiously careful and scientific study of classic antiquities at- tracted the attention of the learned Cardinal of Santa Croce, then a bishop, later Pope Marcellus II, through whose influence he was employed by Paul III. From this service he was recalled to Lyons two years later, in 1536, by Guillaume du Bellay and his brother, Cardinal Jean du Bellay. Soon after his return de L'Orme was made military controller, an office he held until 1545, when ho was named by the king " master architect and general conductor of buildings, works and fortifications. " In this capacity he ingeniously averted a threatened attack of the English upon the dismantled chateau of Brest by means of mock cannon and an improvised soldiery. At various subsequent periods, he was endowed by royal favour with the title of counsellor and almoner ordinary of the king, and was made Abbe of Geveton, of Barthelemy, of Saint-Eloy-les-Noyon, besides re- ceiving other such sinecures; he was also appointed a canon of Notre-Dame at Paris. Though it was the usage of the time for the king to bestow upon laymen the title and lienefices of an abb^ as reward or salary, it has been conjectured from the double title of king's almoner and canon of Notre-Dame, that de L'Orme had received minor orders. Between the years 1541