Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 4.djvu/716

 DAUBREE

638

DAULIA

was current among their pagan contemporaries. Ac- cording to this, tliree fixed points were taken in each month, the kalends on the first day, the ides on the thirteenth (or in some months on the fifteenth), and the nones on the ninth day before the ides, and conse- quently on the fifth or seventh. The dates which fell between these fixed points were designated by the number of days by which they fell short of the next fixed point. Thus the twenty-fourth of May was called ante diem noniim kalendas Junias (i. e. the ninth day before the kalends of June). During the early Middle Ages this system was retained practically un- altered except that the long Roman form was some- what contracted, for example decimo knlendas Julii was written instead of the ante diem decimum kalendas Jidias.

A curious arrangement prevailed at Bologna (it was called from its place of origin the consiietiulo Bononi- ensis) and extended over a large part of the north of Italy. According to this the first half of the month was numbered forwards and called mensis intrans, but the last half of the month was called mensis exiens and numbered backwards, as in the Roman system ; thus the seventeenth of May was called die quinto decimo exeuntis mensis Maii. Our present system of num- bering the days straight on from the first of each month began to appear in the sixth century and gradually became more prevalent throughout the Middle Ages, but it never came into general use on account of the custom of indicating the day by the feasts of the local calendar. Not only did the com- mon festivals serve for this purpose, but the Sundays were also often used, and were designated by the first words of their Introit in the Mass. For instance in Dominica Icctare means on the Sunday whose Introit begins with Lmtare in Domino, i. e. the fourth Sun- day of Lent. Moreover the vigil of a feast, or the previous day, or the octave, or a specified day within the octave, were all familiarly designated by their re- lation to the feast, e. g. in pervigilio A^ativitatis Beatce Maria:; postridie Sancti Laurentii ; in octava Sti. Lau- rentii, etc. In this method of dating, which was con- stantly employed both in Latin and in the vernacular, the use of the English word utas for octave should be noticed. This method of dating by saints' days, as will be readily imderstood, depended much upon local conditions and was always apt to become both complicated and inexact.

Bresslau, Handbuch der Vrkundenlehre (Leipzig, 1889); I, 818-874; Giry. Manuel de diplomatique (Paris, 1894), 83-275 and 577-588; Grotefend, Taschenbuch der Z n>iu<i. 'Znd ed. (Leipzig, 1905). This is a convenient .i!. i ihe

same writer's larger work, Zeitrechming d' s 't<(-

aliers xmd der Neiizeit (Leipzig, 1891-1898 '; "•(

c/'^iistoire, etc. (Leyden. 1888-1893), 3 vol?,. ihe

introduction to Vol. IL This is a work of most pniiliiriniis re- search containing elaborate tabular statements of dates and chronological facts connected with every country of the world. Oriental and American as well as European. Bond, Handti Book for Verifying Dales (London, 1875); Earle. A Handbook to the Land Charters and other Saxonic Documents (Oxford, 1888), 28-36. The older manuals of chronology, such as the Bene- dictine .4r( de verifier les dates and Ideler's Handbuch, need not be more fully specified here.

Herbekt Thurston.

Daubree, G.\briel-Auguste, French geologist, b. at Metz, 25 June, 1814 ; d. at Paris, 29 May, 1896. He studied mining engineering at the Ecole Polytech- nique in Paris and in 1834 entered the Government service. After being sent on commissions to Eng- land, Sweden, and Norway, he was attached to the department of the Lower Rhine. He was a clo.se ob- server of geological phenomena and dtu-ing this time published a paper on the ore dopcwits of .Scaiidinavia which attracted the attention of BiMzclius. and also is.sued his "Description gfologicpK^ ct niiii('r;dut;iqui' du d^partPinent du Ras-Rhin". His aii(Kiiiilnuiit a.s professor of geology and mineralogy at .Strasbiug fur- nished him with a laboratory suitable for his exijeri- mental work in synthetic geology, begun in 1849.

His brilliant experimental researches at Strasburg, and later at Paris, extended over a number of years and have served to make him famous in the annals of geologj'. They comprised the artificial production of minerals, the geological action of superheated aqueous vapour, the effect of mutual abrasion, the influence of pressure and strain in mountain-making, etc. During the years 1857-61 he made a detailed study of the hot springs of Plombieres, observing at the same time the chemical action of thermal waters. In 1861 he was admitted to the Academie des Sciences and succeeded Cordier as profe-ssor of geology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris and ciu'ator of the collec- tions; to the latter he made extensive additions, par- ticularly of meteorites. It may be mentioned in this comiexion that daubr^elite (CrS), a grayish granular mineral found in meteoric iron, was named after him. From 1862 he also lectured on mineralogy at the Ecole des Mines of which he became director in 1872. Daubree's career was a long and active one. He was one of the foremost of Catholic geologists, and was much esteemed for his amiability and nobility of character. One of his friends and admirers was Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil. Besides the works already mentioned, he was the author of: "Observations sui le metamorphisme" (Paris, 1858); " Etudes sjTith^ tiques de geologic exp^rimentale " (Paris, 1879); "Les eaux souterraines " (Paris, 1887); "La classifi- cation des meteorites du Museum", and many articles in the "Journal des savants" and the "Revue des deu.x mondes".

Lapparen't in Hevue des quest, scicntifiques, XL, 89; vox ZiTTEL. History of Geology and Palceontology (London, 190U: Kxeller, Das Christenthum u. die Vertreter der neueren Xa- turwissenschaft (Freiburg, 1904), 264.

Henry M. Brock.

Daughters of Calvary. See Calvary, Conghe- G.ATioN OF Our Lady of.

Daughters of Charity. See Charity, Sisters of.

Daughters of the Passion. See Capuchlnesses.

Daughters of the Queen of Heaven. See

Queen's Daughter.s, The.

Daulia, a titular see of Greece. Daulis, later Dau- lia, Dauleion, often Diauleia, even Davalia, w'as a town of Phocis, on the Cephissus, fifteen Roman miles north-east of Delphi. It is mentioned by Hierocles (Synecd., 643, 10), and at the end of the seventh cen- tury had become a suffragan of Athens. In 1393 Talan- tion was cut off from Daulia and made a distinct see: this was a towTi at the foot of Mount Knemis, the an- cient name of which was Atalante. The bishops of Daulia long protested against this division; at last, about the end of the fifteenth century the two sees were reunited as "Daulia and Talantion"; they re- mained so, except for a brief period about 1567. In 1653 the double see was made an archbishopric, owing to the influence of a Turkish pasha, but after two years was reduced to its former status. Talantion was then commonly named in the first place, and fi- nally was the only name in use. The bishop resided there, as Daulia was almost in ruins. The See of Daulia was suppressed in 1833, when the Church of the Kingdom of Greece was organized on an independ- ent basis. We know about fifteen Greek bishops of Daulia, the first of whom, Germanos, died in 919; the last, Neophytos Metaxas, died as Metropolitan of Athens. .\s' early as 1205 Daulia became a Latin see; many of the bishops are known from the thirteenth to t lie lift cell th century, among tlicMi one \\ illiam, bearer, ill 13S4, of a letter from Urban \'l to the Patriarch Nilus, concorning the reunion of the Churches. Since 1441, at least, the see has been titular.

BousuiiKT, i:,:nchr de Daulia-Talaiilion in Edws d'Orien (1907), X. 295-299. ^ ^ ,

S. Petrides.