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 DALMATIC

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DALMATIC

gates in the Reichstag at Vienna are working to carry out the ijrovisions of the fiinJamental law requiring the union of Dalmatia with the mother-country, Croatia, which the king promised in a solemn oath at his coronation.

The literature of Dahnatia from its beginnings in the eleventh century was inspired by the Catholic C'hurch and remained so until the rise of Humanism. Numerous private and public libraries existed, con- taining thousands of vohmies (1520). The art of printing found its way to Dalmatia as early as the end of the fifteenth century. The first Humanists such as Men6eti6, Bobali, Pucic, Gufietife, Maruli6 wrote in Latin and Croatian and produced many varieties of literature: the drama, lyrics, epics, bucolics, come- dies, religious, and gipsy poetry. Dalmatia has in fact been called the cradle of Croatian literature. The city of Dubrovnik was spoken of as another Athens. Architecture flourished greatly, as is proved by the existing monuments.

FoHTls, Travels in Dalmatia (177S); Paton, Highlands and Islands of the Adriatic (1849); Louvich, Dei costumi dei Alor- Zafci (1776): Katalinich, MemoHe degli awenimenti succcssiin Dalmazia; MiTis, La Dalmazia ai tempi di Lodovico il Grande; (Zara, 1887); Schmidl, Das Konigreich Dalmazien (1843); Maschek, Manuale del regno di Dalmazia per I'anno (^1875); Kohl, Reisen in Istrien etc. (1850); Schiff, Culturbildcr aus Dalmazien (Vienna, 1875); DON Fr.\ne Bulic, Hrvatski spo- menici (Zagreb, 1888); Academia Slavorum Meridionalimn, Documenta pars S, rescripta et synodalia (Zagreb, 1877); LjUBic, Listine (Zagreb, 1879-1885); Gelcich, Monumenta Ragusina (Zagreb, 1879-1897);, Grhbeh, Osvajanje Zadra, Vienac, Zagreb (1882); Klaic, Hrvatski knezovi od plemena Subic (Zagreb, 1897); Scrmin, Hrvatski spomenici (Zagreb); HoR- VAT,^Hrvatskapovjest (Zagreb, 1908); Medini, Povjest hrvatske knjizevnosti (Zagreb, 1902); Valla, Povjest novoga vieka (Zagreb, 1899, 1900); Valla, Povjest srednjega vieka (Zagreb,

1891. 1893). M. D. Krmpotic.

Dalmatic.^ — Present Us.\ge. — The dalmatic is the outer liturgical vestment of the deacon. It is worn at Mass and at solemn processions and benedictions, ex- cept when these processions and benedictions have a penitential character, as in Advent, during the pe- riod _from Septuagesima Sunday to Easter, at the blessing of candles and the procession on Candlemas Day, etc. ; this is because the dalmatic has been re- garded from the earliest tiiBes as a festal garment. The dalmatic is also worn by bishops under the chas- uble at solemn pontifical Mass, but not at private Masses. Priests are not permitted to wear the dal- matic under the chasuble unless a special papal privi- lege to this effect has been granted, and then only on those days and occasions for which the permission has been given. At Rome, and throughout Italy, the dalmatic is a robe with wide sleeves; it reaches to the knees, is closed in front, and is open on the sides as far as the shoulder. Outside of Italy it is customary to slit the under side of the sleeves so that the dalmatic becomes a mantle like a scapular with an opening for the head and two square pieces of the material falling from the shoulder over the upper arm. Tlie distinc- tive ornamentation of the vestment consists of two vertical stripes rimning from the shoulder to the hem ; according to Roman usage these stripes are narrow and united at the bottom by two narrow cross-stripes. Outside of Rome the vertical stripes are quite broad and the cross-piece is on the upper part of the gar- ment. There are no regulations as to the material of the dalmatic ; it is generally made of silk correspond- ing to that of the ch^.'-ulile of the priest, with which it must agree in colour, as the ordinances concerning lit- urgical colours include the dalmatic. As the dal- matic is the distinguishing outer vestment of the dea- con, he is dothecl with it at his ordination by the bishop, who at the same time says: "May the Lord clothe thee with the garment of salvation and with the vesture of praise, aiul may he cover thee with the dal- matic of righteousness forever".

History. — According to the "Liber Pontificalis " the dalmatic w:is introduced by Pope Sylvester I

(314-35). It IS certain that as early as the first half of the fourth century its use was customary at Rome; then, as to-day, the deacons wore it as an outer vest- ment, and the pope put it on under the chasuble. In early Roman practice bishops other than the pope and deacons other than Roman were not permitted to wear the vestment without the express or tacit permis- sion of the pope — such permission, for instance, as Pope Symmachus (498-514) gave to the deacons of St. Ca?sarius of Aries. The Bishops of Milan most proba- bly wore the dalmatic as early as the fifth century; this is shown by a mosaic of Sts. Ambrosius and Maternus in the chapel of San Satiro near the church of San Ambrogio ; mosaics in the church of San Vitale at Ravenna show that it was worn by the archbishops of Ravenna and their deacons at least as early as the sixth century. About the ninth century the dalmatic was adopted almost universally for bishops and deacons in Western Europe, even including Spain and Gaul, where instead of a dalmatic deacons had worn a tunic called an alb (see Alb). About the tenth century the Roman cardinal-priests were granted the privilege of wearing the dalmatic, at which time also priests outside of Rome, especially abbots, received the same as a mark of distinction. Thus, John XIII in 970 granted the Abbot of St. Vin- centius at Metz the right to wear the dalmatic. Ben- edict VII in 975 granted this privilege to the car- dinal-priests of the cathedral of Trier, but limited it to occasions when they assisted the archbishop at a pontif- ical Mass or celebrated the solemn high Mass in the cathedral as his representatives. According to Ro- man usage the dalmatic was only worn by prelates at the pontifical Mass, and never under the cope on other occasions, as was often the case in Germany in the later Middle Ages.

The custom of leaving off the dalmatic on peniten- tial days originated, like the vestment itself, in Rome, whence it gradually spread over the rest of Western Europe. In the twelfth century this usage was uni- versal. On such days the deacons either wore no vestment over the alb or put on, instead of the dal- matic, the so-called planeta plicata, a dark-coloured chasuble folded in a particular manner. An excep- tion was made in the penitential season for Maundy Thursday on which it had been the custom from an- cient times, principally on account of the consecration of the holy oils, to use the vestments appropriate to feast days. In early times the dalmatic was seldom used by deacons at Masses for the dead, but in the lat- ter part of the Middle Ages it was universally worn during solemn requiem Masses. At an oariy date it was customary at Rome to confer the dalmatic on a deacon at ordination; the usage is recognized in the " Eighth Ortlo ' ' (eightli century) and the " Ninth Ordo" (ninth century) of Mabillon. In the rest of Western Europe the custom took root very slowly, and it did not become universal until towards the end of the Middle Ages. The first medieval liturgist to mention it was Sicard of Cremona (c. 1200), from whose lan- guage it is evident that the ceremony was not every- where prevalent. A prayer at the bestowal of the dalmatic was not customary until a later period.

Sh.\pe and M.^teri.vl IN" Earlier Ages. — The orig- inal form of the vestment is well shown by the remains of the [irc-Carlovingian period, especially by the mo- saics in San Satiro at Milan (fifth century), in San Vi- tale at Ra\-eima (sixth century), and in San Venanzo antl Sant ' Agnese at Rome (seventh century) ; also in various frescoes, such as the picture of the four holy bishops in the church of San Callisto at Rome. Ac- cortling to these representations it was a long, wide tunic with very large sleeves and reaoheil to the feet. In the above-mentioned pictorial remains tlie width of the sleeves equalled the half or at least the third of the length of the vestment. Up to the twelfth century the Italian reiiresentations show no change in its