Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 4.djvu/676

{| style="text-align:center; width:100%" Hist, des dogmes (Paris, 1903), II; Turmel, Hist, de la thiol. positive (Paris, 1904).
 * CYZICUS||598||CZECH
 * }

J. F. SOLLIER.

Cyzicus, a titular see of Asia Minor, metropolitan of the ancient ecclesiastical province of Hellespontus.

Heraclius, in the course of his Persian campaign (62(j), consulted him about a plan for bringmg the Monophysites of Egypt back to the Church and to the support of the empire. The plan, suggested by

Sergius, Patriarcli of Constantinople, consisted in ^^, ^^^ „,,,^,^„„ ^^^^,^„,„.^,.^„. ,.„.,„^^ „. ^^^..^„ „„v,„. confessing the faith of Clialcedon on the two natures The"city"wi!i^" probrWy "founded by Pefasgrahs"froni of Christ, while practicaUy nulhfymg it by the ad- Thessaly; later it received many colonies from Mile- mission of one theandric wiU and operation, ^^^ ^^j ^^^ importance began only after the Peloixju- Iv efK-nim KoX ula ivip-yua. Cyrus hesitated at first, .r, . o . . ^

but being assured by Sergius that this formula was opposed to neither the Fathers nor Chalcedon and was destined to achieve great results, he became a stanch supporter of it, and was, in return, raised by HeracUus to the then vacant See of Alexandria (630). Once a patriarch, he set himself vigorously to effect the desired union. In a synod held at Alexandria

nesian war, when the decay of Athens and Miletus set in. Alcibiades defeated the Lacedaemonians there (410 b. c). Alexander captured it from the Persians in 334 B.C.; and Mitliridates besieged it with 300,000 men in 74 B. c, but it withstood him stoutly, and the year following was delivered by Lucullus. The Rom- ans favoured it and recognized its municipal inde- . - pendence. Cyzicus was the leading city of Northern

he proposed what is known as the iv\T)po<popla, or j^j -^^ ^^ j^^j. j^g Xroas. Under Tiberius it was incor- " Satisfactio ", an agreement m mne articles, the .-grated with the empire, but remained the capital of

seventh of which is a bold assertion of the Monothe- lite heresy. The Monophysites (Theodosians or Sever- ians) welcomed the agreement with, however, the remark that Chalcedon was coming to them, not they to Chalcedon. The union thus effected was adroitly exploited, with a view to win over Pope Honorius to Monothelism; otherwise it proved in- effective, and soon fell into discredit under the name of frwo-is v5pofia((>-fis, contemptuously called the

Mysia, afterwards of Hellespontus, and became one of the greatest cities in the world. The era of its Olym- piads was reckoned from A. D. 135 or 139. Its peculiar coin, the Cyzicenus, was worth 28 drachmae, i. e. nearly five dollars and a half in American money. Cyzicus was captured by the Arabs in 675, and ruined by earthquakes in 443 and 1043; it began to be de- serted as early as the eleventh century. Its site is to- day marketl by a huge heap of ruins amid the marshes

"washy union". Cyrus persevered none the less m ^f g^],^.;^ gerai, in the caza of Erdek, vilayet of Brusa.

his adhesion to the compromise, and even accepted -pj^g ^^^^^^ dating from the fourth century, are partly

the Ecthesis, a new imperial formulary of the same preserved; there are also the ruins of a Roman aque-

error(637). When Omar's general, Amru, tjireatened j^p^ and a theatre. The amphitheatre, built in the

the Prefecture of Egypt, Cyrus was made prefect third century b. c, was one of the largest in the world;

and entrusted with the conduct of the war. Certain jjg diameter was nearly 500 feet. Colossal founda-

humiliating stipulations, to which he subscribed for the sake of peace, angered his imperial master. He was recalled and harslily accused of connivance with the Saracens; however, he was soon restored to Ills former authority, owing to the impending siege of Alexandria, but covdd not avert the fall of the great city (640) and died shortly after.

From Cyrus we have tliree letters to Sergius and

tions of a tem]ile dedicated to Hadrian are still visi- ble: the columns were 21.35 metres high (about 70 feet), while the highest known elsewhere, those at Baalbek in Syria, are only 19.35 metres (about (53 feet). The monuments of Cyzicus were used by Jiis- tinian as a quarry for the building of Saint Sophia, and are still exploited by the natives.

As ecclesiastical metropolis of Hellespontus, Cyzi-

the "Satisfactio", all preserved in the acts of the gug jjad a catalogue of bishops beginning with the Roman Synod of the Lateran and of the Si.xth fl^st century; Lequien (I, 747) mentions fifty-nine, fficumenical Council (Mansi, X, 1004; XI, 560, 562, j^ more comiilete list is found in Nicodemos. in the 964). The first letter is an acceptation of the Greek "Office of St. Emilian" (Constantinople, 1876), Ecthesis; in the second Cyrus describes his perplexity 34_36, which has eightv-five names. We may men- between Pope Leo and Sergius; the conversion of the tjon the famous Arian Eunomius; St. Dalmatius; St. Theodosians is narrated in the tWrd. The seventh Proclus and St. Germanus, who became Patriarclis of article of the "Satisfactio" — the others are irrelevant Constantinople; and St. Emilian, a martyr in the — reads thus: "The one and same Christ, the Son, eighth century. Gelasius, an historian of Arianism,- performs the works proper to God and to man by -^vijo wrote about 475, was born at Cyzicus. Lequien one theandric operation [^i? SeavdpiKy ivepyela] (HI, 941) mentions a Latin bishop in 1477. Cyzicus according to St. Dionysius". Cyrus' chief opponents, jg still a metropolitan title for the Greeks, the metro- St. Sophronius, d. in 637 (Epistola .synodica, Mansi, poUtan residing at Artake (Erdek), a Uttle port on the XI, 480), and St. Maximus, d. in 662 (Epistok ad western shore of the peninsula. Opposite to Artake Nicandrum; disputatio cum Pyrrho, P. G., XCI, is another port, Peramos (Perama), where an Assumji- 101, 345), reproached him for falsifying the then tionist Father has founded a Greek parish. At Panor- much-respeeted text of Dionysius and substituting j^og (Panderma), another more important port nine /lu? for Kciipv (new). They showed, moreover, the miles south-east of the ruins of Cyzicus (10.000 inhal> inanity of his claim to the support of the Fathers, itants), there is a Catholic Arnic'iiian jiarish. At the and explained how the Divine and human natures Dardanelles, also, there is a Latin parisli. of Christ, sometimes styled one, because they be- ^ Marquardt, Cj/^icus inu/snn G<*icM%rlin, is:m\ Perrot. long to the same person and work in perfect harmony, can no more ho physically identified than the natures from which they proceed. Historians are not agreed as to how Cyrus came by this error. Some think that lie was, from the outset, a Monophysitc at heart. Others, with more reason, hold that he was led into error by Sergius and Heraclius. CVnis was con- demned as a heretic in the Lateran Council of 649 (Denzinger, Enchiridion, 217, 219) and in 080 at the Third (Ecumenical Council of Constantinople (Den- zinger, 238; Mansi, XI, 554). (See Monotiiki.itks.)

Neai.e, Hixlnni oj the. Ifoh/ Eastrm Churrh a.i.inlon, 1S17), II; Hefele, Conrilinw.ich. (FreiliurE. l.><77i. 111: I'l ivMis. Doamata Catholica (Pari-s, 1806), V. i, 19; Hr in. //. .' - / ■;/ /'"• Later Roman Empire (London. ISSO); M\n-.. / '- "/ Hie Popes (London. 1902), VoL I, Pt. I, 330; .Sum A.M,-Ui.iiERT.

Exploration archiolog. de la Oalatie el de la liithiinie, 69-90; Wiegand, Reiscn in Mi/sien in Athen. Mitteilitngcn (1904); ,Smith, Diet, of Greek aitd Roman Geogr. (London, 1S7S), I, 7:i9-12.

S. Vailhk.

Czech Literature.—The Czech or Bohemian language is spoken by that branch of the Indo-European Slavs who settled in Moravia and Bohemia about the fifth century after Christ. It is closely allied to the Russian, Polish, Bulgarian, and other Slav languages having a common origin. The evolution of Czech literature dates back to 863, when Moravia and Bohemia, through the efforts of Sts. Cyril and Methodius, the apostles of these two countries, were converted to Christianity and thus became participants in the