Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 4.djvu/659

 CYCLADES

581

CYNEWULF

in the "Synecdemus" of Hierocles (700), and in some early "Notitiae episcopatuum". It was captured by Harun in 805, and by Almamun in 832. Afterwards, probably in tiie eleventh century, it was made an in- dependent archbishopric (Parthey's Notitia?, 10 and 11); it still remained a Byzantine possession after a great part of Cappadocia had passed into Turkish hands. From the eighth to the eleventh centuries we hear often of a fortress Heracleia, now known to have been near t'ybistra and united with it in one bishopric (Notitia.lO). The name of this fortress has been preserved in the modern form, Eregli, a poor village and the centre of a caza in the vilayet of Konia. Five bishops are quoted by Lequien (I, 40.3) ; the first was present at Nica-a in 325, the last at Con- stantinople at the end of the twelfth century. R.4MSAV. Ilisl. Gcogr. of Asia Minor, 341.

S. PETRIDiiS.

Cyclades, a group of islands in the ^Egean Sea. The ancients called by this name only Delos and eleven ni'ii^lil louring islands. Andros, Tenos, Myknos, Siphnos, Serijihos, Naxos, Syros, Faros, Kythmos, Keos, and Gyaros. According to mythology they were nymphs metamorphosed into rocks for having refused to sacri- fice to Poseidon. They are in fact remains of an ancient continent that disappeared in the tertiary epoch. Successively Cretan, Dorian, and Ionian col- onies, they were made subject to Athens by Miltiades. Under Byzantine rule the Dodekanesoi (twelve is- lands) were included in the fifth European theme. Plundered by the Saracens in the seventh and eight centuries, they became, after the Fourth Crusade, a duchy belonging to the Venetian families of Sanudo and ("rispo. The Tvirks conquered them in the six- teenth century. The Cyclades are now a nomas, or dcpiirtment, of Greece, but imder this name are com- prised also Melos, Kimolos, Sikinos, Amorgos (birth- place of Simonides), Thera or Santorin, los, Anaphe, and other islands between them. The population is about 130,000. Silk, wine, cotton, fruit, sponges, marble (Paros), and emery (Naxos), are the chief products. There is also a coasting trade; Hermou- polis in Syros is an important port.

There were in the Cyelades many Greek sees suffra- gan to Rhodes. Unfler the Frankish rule, Latin sees were also established at Naxos, Andros, Keos, Syros, Tenos, Mykonos, los, Melos, and Thera, as suffragans of Rhodes and Athens, later only of Naxos. The Archdiocese of Naxos includes also Paros and Anti- paros. It has 500 Catholics, some 10 churches or chapels, and 10 priests. Among the latter are Capu- chins, and Oblates of St. Francis de Sales; Ursuline nuns conduct the schools. Naxos and Paros were Greek bishoprics early imited under the name of Paro- naxia. It was a metropolitan see in 1088, and its episcopal list is in Lequien (I, 937). Several of its nictnijKilitans united with Rome from the fourteenth to the eighteenth century. The list of the Latin arch- bishoiis is in I^^quien (III, 1001), Gams (448), and ]'.\t\<r] (1,375,11,221). The See of Naxos is now con- fided to the Archbi.shop of Athens as administrator Apostolic. Andros wa.s likewise a Greek see; its epis- copal list is in I,equien (I, s. v.). The Latin list is found there also (III, 859), in Gams (449), and more complete in Eubel (I, 89, II, 99). From 1702 the sec w.as administered by a vicar-Apostolic dcpciidrnl di- rectly on Propaganda; and in 1824 it was confided to the Bi.shop of Tenos.

Melos (Milo) is famous for the statue of Venus found there ; it h;is thermal springs and solfataras, and there are ruins of the ancient city. The Greek epis- copal list is in Lequien (I, 945). The Latin list is also in L<'quien (III, 1055), and Gams (449); see al.so Eu- bel ( I, 355, II, 211). In 1700 the see was united with Naxos and in 18.30 with Thera. The list of the Latin bishops of Keos (Cea, Zea) is in Lequien (III, 807),

Gams (449), Eubel (I, 194, II, 143). los (Nio, Nea), according to tradition the site of Homer's death, had a series of Latin bishops (see Lequien, III, 1135, and Gams, 448). As to Mykonos (Micone) we know only that the see was united with Tenos as early as 1400. (See Syros, Tends, and Thera.)

Bent, Thr Cyclades, Life among the Insular Greeks (London, 1S85); TozKR. The Islands of the .^gean (Oxford, 1890); PuL- LEN. Murray's Handbook for Greece and the Ionian Islands (London, 1S95).

S. Petrides. Cycle. See Calendar.

Cycle (Dionysian). See Chronology.

Cydonia, a titular see of Crete. According to old legentls Cydonia (or Kydonia) was founded by King Kydon, on the northwest shore of Crete. It was afterwards occupied by the Achffans and Cohans, but remaineil one of the chief cities of the island till it was taken by Q. C. Metellus (a. d. 69). The Vene- tians rebuilt and fortified it in 1252; it was taken by the Turks in 1645. The Arabs called it Rabdh el- Djebn, the modern Greeks and Turks Khania, the Western peoples Canea. Lequien (II, 272) knows of only two Greek bishops: Sebon, in 458, and Nicetas, in 692. Gams (404) adds Meliton, in 787. After the Frank occupation there was in Crete a Latin see, Agriensis, or Agiensis, which must have been the same as that of Cydonia, or Canea. Lequien (III, 923-928) knows of sixteen Latin bishops, from 1310 to 1645. Eubel (I, 76; II. 93) numbers seventeen for the period from about 1300 to 1481 (see also ibid., II, 312). The last occuiJant retired to Italy when the city had been taken by the Turks. The population of Canea is now about 20,000, mostly Greeks, with 200 Latins. It was the residence of the Latin Bishop of Candia, after the see had been re-established by Pius IX. The Catholic parish is held by Capuchins. There are some Christian Brothers and Sisters of St. Joseph de I'Ap- parition, with two schools and an orphanage. Canea still remains a Greek see. (See Canea; CJandia.) S. Petrides.

Cyme, a titular see of Asia Minor. Kyme (Doric, Kyma) was a port on the Kymaios Kolpos (Tchan- darli Bay), the most im|)ortant city of vEolis, and was founded by the Cohans about the eleventh or the thirteenth century b. c, according to old tradi- tions, by Pelops on his return from Greece. After defeating Oenomanos and expelling the native inhabi- tants, he gave to the city the name of the Amazon Kyme. Another uncommon name was Phrykonis. Cyme is mentioned in the "Synecdemus" of Hierocles and in the "Notitise episcopatuum" as late as the thirteenth or fourteenth century. Five bishops are mentioned in Lequien (I, 729), from 431 to 787. There was another, John, in 1216. Cyme is identi- fied with the small village of Latnoiirt, in the vilayet of Smyrna. The name is sometimes transcribed Cume, or even Cuma?, possibly a source of confusion with Cuma; in Italy. There was also a Cyme in JCgyptus Secunda, a suffragan of Cabasa.

S. PETRIDliS.

Cynewulf. — That certain Anglo-Saxon poems still extant were written by one Cynewulf is beyond dis- s|ielliiig it out in runic letters which may be so read as to make sense in the context of the poem. It is, how- ever, quite uncertain who this ("yncwulf was. Despite strong expressions of O[)inion to the contrary, there seems good reason for identifying him with Cynewulf, Bishop of Litidisfarne, though Professor A. S. Cook of Vale advoeatis thi' claims of a certain Cynulf, an ecclesiastic whose signature is attached to the Decrees of the Council of Clove.sho in S3, and who may have been a priest of the Diocese of Dunwich. In any c;ise it has been conclusively shown of late that Professor
 * )ute, for the author has signed his name in them by