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 CRUZ

558

CUBA

Cruz, San Juan de i-\.. See Johx of the Cross,

Saint.

Crypt (or Lower Church). — The word originally meant a hidden place, natural or artificial, suitable for the concealment of persons or things. When visits to the burial-places without the walls of Rome fell into disu.se there ensued a curious change. The Church, no longer able to go out to honour the mar- tyrs, brought t\\e martyrs within the walls, and in- stead of building churches above the tombs, dug tombs under the churches in which the precious relics were deposited. This was the origin, first of the confessio of the basilicas, and, at a later period, of the crypt, which answered the same purpose in the churches of the early Middle Ages. In this way the Roman- esque crj-pt is the direct descendant of the hypogceum or excavation of the early Christian catacomb. The term crypt is sometimes used to signify the lower story of a two-storied building, e. g. the lower chapel of the Sainte-Chapelle at Paris, and of the church of San Francesco at Assisi; and in England the over- ground crypt of St. Ethelreda's Chapel in London, which is all that remains of the great episcopal palace called Ely Place.

The crypt has a long and venerable lustory. What was done at Rome set a precedent for Christendom in general. There is an early example of a crypt at Raveima, at Sant' ApoUinare in Classe (534). At first crypts were sometimes as deep-sunk as the cubiciila of the catacomljs themselves, e. g. in Saint-Germain, at Au.xerre, and in the Chartres cathedral. Or they were but partly above ground, and were lighted by small windows placed in their side walls, e.g. Ernulph's crypt at Canterbury. Occasionally their floor was but little below the surface of the ground, as in the eastern crypt at Canterbury; or it was on a level with the pavement of the nave, as in San Miniato, Florence, in tliese latter cases the crj^Jt practically became a second or lower church, e. g. St. Faith's, under Old St. Paul's, London. Such a crypt, however, entailed a raised choir; hence it is that one ascends high flights of steps to such choirs as those of San Miniato, Rochester, Canterbury, etc. Almost all the crypts now found in England were built during the Nomian period, or verj' early, in the pointed style. That at Glasgow, however, belongs to the perfected style of the thii-teentli century. Here the crypt extends under and beyond the whole choir. Had there been an opening in the centre of the vault (and it is by no means clear that one was not originally intended), it woukl be more like a German double church than anything found in England. The earliest crypts in England are those of Hexham and Ripon. In the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries crypts developed into magnificent churches, like those of Gloucester, Rochester, Worcester, Winchester, St. Peter's at Oxford, Bayeux, Chartres, Saintes, Bourges, Holy, Trinity at Caen, Padua, Florence, Pavia, Paler- mo, and Modena.

Gailhabaud, Ancient and Modern Architeclure (London, 1844), II; Carter, Ancirnl Architecture o1 England (London, 1S87); BoND,&'o(/iir ! . 'm,-, ,' r, inEngland (New York, 19(X)); Brown, from Sc/io'.' ' ' KdinburRh, 18861; Lowrie. Monuments of the I :< • l,..ndon, 1908); Spenck, T^ie

White Robe ol Chuuh, N. u -, .,, k. 1900); Banister, .4 His- tory of Arch. (New \urk, I'JUj;; Parker, Glossary of Arch. (London, 1845).

Thomas H. Poole.

Csanad, Diocese of, includes the counties of Temes, Torontdl, KrassCi-Szor^ny, Arad, Csanid, and a part of Csongrdd and Bi'kfe, Hungary, an area of 13,718square miles. It is suffragan of Kalocsa, and has a popula- tion of 2,0(10.000 souls, of whom 824,000 are Catholics and ."jO.OOO I'niat Greeks. The diocese has a cathe- dral cha|itcr, 8 regular and & titular canonries, 8 titu- lar abbeys, 1 provost.ship, 3 titular provostships, 6 archdcaiieries, 24 subortlinate deaneries, 236 parish

churches, 1099 filial churches, 231 parish priests, 122 chaplains, 28 other ecclesiastics, 54 clerics, 8 retired ecclesiastics, 8 priests outside of the diocese. The male orders and congregations have 11 houses and 91 mem- bers, divided as follows: Piarists (who also conduct 3 gymnasia), 3 houses; Franciscans, 2; Minorites, 4; Brothers of Charity, 1, and priests of the Order of the Divine Saviour, 1. The School Sistere of Notre-Dame, Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, and Holy Cross Sisters have 28 convents and 484 members in the diocese. There is a seminary for priests (with aj lyceum), a preparatory one for boys, and two training- schools, for male and female teachers. The cathedral built in barocco style, 1736-54, is dedicated to St. George. The residence of the bishop is at Temesvar. Csandd is one of the oldest sees of Hungary. It w.as created by King Stephen in 1035 and its first bishop was the Italian Abbot Gerardus, the tutor of Ste- phen's son, Emmerich. In the thirteenth century the diocese suffered greatly from the invasion of the Klon- gols ; in the fourteenth century, after the Turkish con-

quest of Ser\'ia, from the imniit;rati(..u of schismatic Serbs called Rascians into Hungary; in the sixteenth century from the rebellion of the peasants (1514). By order of Dozsa, the leader of the peasants, Bishop Nicholas Cs.aky was impaled. After the battle of Mohdcs (1526) in which Bishop Franz Csaholy (1514- 26) was killed, almost the entire diocese fell into the hands of Zapolya, the ally of the Turks. When in 1552 Temesvar also was taken by the Turks the dio- cese was nearly ruined. The see had henceforth merely a nominal existence and the residence of the bishop was transferred in 1574 to Szegedin. It was only after the Treaty of Passarowitz (1718) freed the land from the yoke of the Turks that Bishop Ladislaus Nddasdy (1710-30) re-entered the diocese; the depoji- ulated territory was largely settled anew by German colonists. During the Revolution of 1848 Bishop Joseph Lonovics von Krivina (1834-48) was driven into exile; later the Hungarian minister of worship, Michael Horvath. was appointed bishop but was not consecrated. During the episcopate of Ladislaus Koszeghy (1800-28) the seminarj' for priests was founded; during that of Alexander Csajjighy (1851- 60) the School Sisters of Notre-Dame were brouglit into the diocese, and during the administration of Alexander Bonnaz (1860-89) the seminary for boys was erected.

Schwicker, Geschichte des Temeser Banates (NafO'-Ber.skerek, 1861): Neheu in Kirchenlex., VII. 935-37; Die kalholische Kirche imrf ihre Diener in Wort und Bild (Munich, 1900), II, 623-26; Scfiemalismus cleri dicecesis Csajiadietlsis (annual).

Joseph Lins.

Cuba, "The Pearl of the Antilles", is the largest and westernmost island of the West Indies. Its extent, geographical position, the great number of its ports, the fertility of its soil, and its climate make it one of the most interesting countries in the New World. It