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 CRUSADES

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CRUSADES

teenth century by the Benedictines of the Congrega- tion of St-Maur. (Bongars had previously published the first collection of texts bearing upon the Latin Orient, under the title of "Gesta Dei per Francos", Hanover, 1611, fol.) The publication of original Ori- ental texts prepared byBerthereau in the eighteenth century was prevented by the French Revolution, but in the nineteenth century the Academy of Inscrip- tions and Belles-Lett res adopted the Benedictine plan and, in 1841, began to issue a "Collection de I'his- toire des Croisades" — Western historians, 5 vols.; Eastern or Arabian historians, 4 vols.; Greek, 2 vols.; Armenian documents, 2 vols.; laws. 2 vols.

The historic revival that followed the Restoration of 1815, produced works of a romantic character like those of Michaud (Histoire des Croisades, 1st ed., 3 vols., Paris, 1812-17; and 7 vols. 8vo, 1824-29); Wilken (Gesch. der Kreuzzuge, Leipzig, 7 vols., 8vo, 1807-32) ; and Mills (History of the Crusades, 2 vols., London, 1820). Between 1839 and 1842 King Louis Philippe established in the Versailles Museum the Halls of the Crusatles, decorated with the armorial bearings of families whose ancestors had taken part in the Holy Wars. At this time was brought to light the unduly famous Courtois collection, consisting of re- ceipts for advance-money loaned to French knights by Italian bankers and which, upon being compared with authentic texts, was found to contain a large number of forgeries. (See L. Delisle, "Bibliotheque de I'Ecole des Chartes", 1888, 304; Cartellieri, "Philipp II August", Leipzig, 1906, II, 302 sqq.) It is only with in the last thirty years that the history of the Crusades has been studied in a truly scientific manner, thanks to the Societe de I'Orient Latin founded by Count Riant in 1875 (principal seats at Paris and Ge- neva). Its publications were at first divided into geo- graphical and historical series, the former containing the itineraries of pilgrims and the latter, chronicles, letters, and charters. The "Archives de I'Orient Latin" were published in 1881 (2 vols., Paris), but since 1893 the publications have been included in the "Revue de I'Orient Latin", a periodical bibliography of the history of the Crusades. Moreover, in all Euro- pean countries national collections of documents ("Monumenta Germaniie"; "Societe de I'histoire de France"; "Rerum britannicarum medii JBvi scrip- tores"; "Pontes rerum austriacarum ", etc.) have done much toward providing us with sources of the history of the Crusades. Owing to these labours the student of the Crusades may now consult:

(1) Documents in Archws. — Rohrieht's " Regesta regni hierosolymitani, 1097-1291" (Innsbruck, 1893), and Delaville-Leroulx's "Cartulaire g^n^ral des Hospitallers de S. Jean de Jerusalem", 4 vols., fol. (Paris, 1894). The correspondence of the popes, pre- served in the Vatican archives, is one of the most im- portant sources for the historj' of the Crusades. After these archives were made accessible to scholars by order of Leo XIII in 1881, the Ecole Francjaise of Rome inaugurated the publication of the registers of the popes of the thirteenth century (Library of the Ecole FrauQaise of Rome)— Gregory IX (Auvray, ed.) ; Innocent IV (E. Berger, ed.); Alexander IV (de la Ronciere, ed.) ; LTrban IV (Guiraud, ed.); Clement IV (Jordan, ed.); Gregory X and John XXI (Guiraud and Cardier, ed.); Nicholas III (Gay, ed.); Martin IV (Soehn(5e, ed.); Honorius IV (Prou, ed.); Nicholas IV (Langlois, ed.); Boniface VIII (Faucon, ed.); Bene- dict XI ((irandjean, ed.). To these must be added the rcgi.stci-s of Honorius III (Pressuti, ed. ; Rome, 1888) and Clement V (Benedictines, ed.; Rome, 1885- 88). For the other popes see Migno's "Patrologia Latina" an<l the "Annates Ecclesiastici" of Baronius and Raynaldi (Mansi, ed., Lucca, 173S-r)9). The archives of the Italian states of N'cnice, Genoa, and Naples have also been of groat \aluc for throwing new light on the history of the (^rusaiks, e. g. Tafol and

Thomas, "Urkimden zuralteren Handels- und Staats- geschichte der Republik Venedig" (Pontes rerum austriacarum, XII XIV, Venice, 1856-57); Thoiii.is, "Diplomatariuni Wiicto-Lcvantinum " (Venice, IS.M).

(2) Judicial Documents. — Such are the "Assises df Jerusalem" (Beugnot, ed., 2 vols., Paris, 1841) and tin' "Regie du Temple" (Curzon, ed., Paris, 1886).

(3) ChronMes. — These have not yet been gathciid into a single collection. The reader should consult chiefly the "Collection de I'histoire des Croisades", published by the Acad^mie des Inscriptions, and the "Serie Historique" of the Societe de I'Orient Latin. The most detailed account of the Christian states is that in the chronicle of William, Archbishop of Tyre (d. 1190). It comprises twenty-three books (1095- 1 184 ) and, from 1143, has the value of an original source (Historiens Occidentaux, I). This work was translated into French under the title of "Livre d'Eracles", the translation being continued until 1229 by Ernoiil and until 1231 by Bernard, Treasurer of Saint-Pierre de Corbie.

(4) Accounts of Pilgrimagesand Itineraries, Especially in the Latin Orient. — The following are important: a geographical series from the fourth to the thirteenth century, issued by the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Soci- ety (London, 1884 — ); "Recueil de voyages et m6- moires ", published by the Societe de Geographic (Paris, 1824-66) ; " Recueil de voyages et de documents pour servir a la geographic" (Paris, 1890 — ).

(5) Oriental Research. — The history of the Crusades has profited by the progress made in the stvidy of the Byzantine, Arabian, Armenian, and Mongolian Orient (Collection de I'histoire des Croisades: Greek histo- rians, 2 vols., 1875; Arabian historians, 4 vols., since 1872; and Armenian documents, 2 vols., since 1869).

(6) Archa'ology. — Finally, archipological exploration has added new elements to our knowledge of the Latin Orient. The castles of the crusaders in Palestine and the churches in French style throughout Cj'prus and Syria have been discussed by Rey in his " Etudes sur les monimients de I'architecture militaire des croisfe" (Paris, 1871) and by Enlart in "L'art gothique et la Renaissance en Chypre" (Paris, 1899); for coins and seals see Schlumberger's "Numismatique de I'Orient Latin" (Paris, 1878). The historj' of the Crusades becomes henceforth a special field of study. How- ever, many sources of information still remain unpub- lished, and those that have been published are scattered through numerous collections as yet but little known.

Division. — It has been customary to describe the Crusades as eight in number: the first, 1095-1101; the second, headed by Louis VII, 1145-47; the third, conducted by Philip Augustus and Richard Coeur-de- Lion, 1188-92; the fourth, during which Constanti- nople was taken, 1204; the fifth, which included the conquest of Damietta, 1217; the sixth, in which Fred- erick II took part (1228-29); also Thibaud de Cham- pagne and Richard of Cornwall (1239); the seventh, led by St. Louis, 1249-52; the eighth, also under St. Louis, 1270. This division is arbitrary and ex- cludes many important expeditions, among them those of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. In reality the Crusades continued until the end of the seventeenth century, the crusade of Lepanto occurring in 1571, that of Hungary in 1664, and the crusade of the Duke of Burgundy to Candia, in 1669. A more scientific division is based on the history of the Chris- tian settlements in the East; therefore the subject will be considered in the following order: I. Origin of the Crusailes; II. Foimdation of Christian states in the East; III. First destruction of the Christian states (1144-87); IV. Attempts to restore the Christian states and the crusatle against Saint-Jean d'Acre (1192-98); V. The crusade against Constantinople (1204); VI. The thirteenth-centtio' crusades (1217- 52); VII. Final lo.ss of the Christian colonies of the East (1254-91); VIII. The fourteenth-century crusade