Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 4.djvu/611

 CRUET

54.3

CRUSADES

ures to man, He gave it subject to the condition that it should be used in confonnity to His perfections which is His own law, and therefore our law" (The Zoophilist, London, 1 April, 1887). While Catholic ethical doctrine insists upon the merciful treatment of animals, it does not place kindness towards them on the same plane of duty as benevolence towards our fellow-men. Nor does it approve of unduly magriify- ing, to the neglect of higher duties, our obligations concerning anim.ils. Excessive fondness for them is no sure index of moral worth; it may be carried to un-Christian excess; and it can coexist with grave laxity in far more important matters. There are many imitators of Schopenhauer, who loved his dog and hated his kind.

St. THOM.ts, Summa Theologica, I. Q. xcvi. a. 1, 2; II-II. Q. Uiv, a. 1; In.. Conlra. Gent.. Ill, cxii; Zigliara, Philo- sophia moralis, I. i; Joseph Rickaby, Moral Philosophy, Pt. 11. v; Anon., The Church and Kindness to Animals (London, 1906); Tyrrell in Contemporary Review, LXVIII, November, 1895.

Jajies J. Fox.

Cruet, a small vessel used for containing the wine and water required for the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass. Two are always employed. The Roman Missal (Ru- brica? Gen., XX) directs that they should be made of glass. This is the most suitable material because easily cleaned, and its transparency obviates danger of confounding the water and wine. Other materials, however, are used, such as gold, silver, and other precious metals. In this case it is advisable to have a V (Vinum) on the wine and an A (aqua) on the water cruet, so that one maybe easily distinguished from the other. In shape nothing is prescribed, but the ves- sels should have a good firm base on which to stand securely and a fairly wide neck so as to admit of being easily cleansed. They should have a cover to keep away flies and insects. Formerly the wine for the Holy Sacrifice was brought by the faithful in a jar- shaped vessel. It was then received by the deacon and poured into the chalice, a vestige of which custom is still observable at the consecration of a bishop.

Van Der Stappen, De Miss(F Celrhratione (Mechlin, 1902\ 88; PUGIN, Glossary of Ecdesiaslical Ornament (London, 186S).

Patrick Morbisroe.

Crusade, Bull op the, a Bull granting indulgences to those who took part in the wars against the infidels. These indulgences were similar to those which, a.s far back as the eleventh century, had been granted to the faithful of the Spanish Mark who took part in the work of building churches and monasteries, or who gave alms to be devoted to this purpose. The first of these Crusade Bulls which concerned Spain was that of Urban II to the C'ounts Berenguer Ramon de Barce- lona and Annengal de Besalu in 1089 at the time of the reconquest of Tarragona, and that of Gelasius II to Alfonso I of Aragon, when he undertook to reconquer Saragossa in 1118. Clement IV in 1265 issued a gen- eral Bull for the whole of ,•^pain, when the Kings of Aragon and Castile joined in the expedition against Murcia. In the course of time these pontifical con- cessions became more and more frequent; in the reign of the Catholic kings alone they were granted in 1478, 1479, 1481, 1482, 1485, 1494^ 1.50.3, and l.'>05, and were continueil during the following reigns, that granted by Gregory XIII in 157.3 being renewed by his successors.

The alms given by the faithful in response to this Bull, which were at first used exclusively for carrj'ing on the war against the infidels, were afterwards used for the construction and repair of churches and other pious works ; sometimes they were also used to defray expenses of the State. The Cortes of Valladolid of 1.523 and that of Madrid of 1,592 petitioned that this money should not be used for any other purpose than that for which it had originally been intended bv the donors, but, notwithstanding the provisions made by

Philip III in compliance with this request, the abuse already mentioned continued. After 1847 the funds derived from this source were devoted to the endow- ment of churches and the clergy, this disposition being ratified by a law in 1849 and in the Concordat of 1851, still in force.

In virtue of the concessions granted by this Bull, the faithful of the Spanish dominions who had fulfilled the necessary conditions could gain the plenary indul- gence, granted to those who fought for the reconquest of the Holy Land and to those who went to Rome in the year of Juljilee, provided they went to confession and received Holy Communion. They enjoyed also the privilege of being absolved twice of sins and censures reserved to the Holy See and the ordinary, except open heresy, and others concerning ecclesiastics; to have vows which could not be fulfilled without difliculty commuted by their confessor, unless failure to fulfil them would be to the disadvantage of another; also simple vows of perpetual chastity, of religious profes- sion, and of pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Those who visited five churches or altars, or the same altar five times, and prayed for the intentions of the Crusade, could gain the indulgences granted to those who visited the stations in Rome. The Bull, moreover, permitted the faithful of the Spanish dominions to eat meat on all the days of Lent and other days of fast and abstinence, except Ash Wednesday, the Fridays of Lent, the last four days of Holy Week, and the vigils of the feasts of the Nativity, Pentecost, the Assumption, and Sts. Peter and Paul.

IIexdo. Bulla: Sacra: Cruciata: Dilucidalio (Madrid. 1651); Llamazares. Historia de la Bula de la Santa Cruzada (Madrid. I860); Salces, Erplicacidn de la Bula de la Santa Cruzada (Madrid, 1881); Gottlob, Kreu2abla.ts und Almosenablass (Stuttgart, 1906), 195-246. EdUARDO DE HiNOJOSA.

Crusades. — The Crusades were expeditions under- taken, in fulfilment of a solemn vow, to deliver the Holy Places from Mohammedan tyranny. The origin of the word may be traced to the cross made of cloth and worn as a badge on the outer garment of those who took part in these enterprises. Medieval writers use the terms crux (pro cruce transmarina, Charter of 1284, cited by Du Cange s. v. crux), croisement (Join- ville), croiserie (Monstrelet), etc. Since the Middle Ages the meaning of the word crusade has been ex- tended to include all wars undertaken in pursuance of a vow, and directed against infidels, i. e. against Mohammedans, pagans, heretics, or those under the ban of excommunication. The wars waged by the Spaniards against the Moors constituted a continual crusade from the eleventh to the sLxteenth century; in the north of Europe crusades were organized against the Prussians and Lithuanians; the extermination of the Albigensian heresy was due to a crusade, and, in the thirteenth century, the popes preached crusades against John Lackland and Frederick II. But modern literature has abused the word by applying it to all wars of a religious character, as, for instance, the expe- dition of Heraclius against the Persians in the seventh century and the conquest of Saxony by Charlemagne. The idea of the crusade corresponds to a political con- ception which w,as realized in ChrLstendom only from the eleventh to the fifteenth century; this supposes a union of all peoples and sovereigns under the direction of the popes. All crusades were announced by preach- ing. After pronouncing a solemn vow, each warrior received a cross from the hands of the pope or his legates, and was thenceforth considered a soldier of the Church. Crusaders were also granted Indulgences and temporal privileges, such as exemption from civil jurisdiction, inviolability of persons or lands, etc. Of all these wars undertaken in the name of Christendom, the most important were the E.astem Crusades, which are the only ones treated in this article.

Prf.sent Kmowledge of the Crusades. — A his- tory of the Cnisades was begvm in France in the seven-