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CLEMENT

the princes than on the pope; she legislated for the religious orders of her dominions without consulting Rome. She maintained her edict on the religious against all the pope's remonstrances, but withdrew her protection from the authors of the "Grievances", the Electors of Cologne, Mainz, and Trier. She also obtained from Clement (in 1770) the institution of a Ruthenian bishop for the Ruthenian Catholics of Hungary. In other parts of Germany the pope had to face similar difficulties. The nimiber and wealth of the religious houses, in some instances their useless- ness, and occasionally their disorders, tempted the princes to lay violent and rapacious hands on them. Numerous houses were to be suppressed in Bavaria for the endowment of the new University of Ebersberg, in the Palatinate the reception of new religious was to be stopped; Clement opposed both measures with success. Westphalia is indebted to him for the Uni- versity of Munster, erected 27 May, 1773.

In Spain Clement approved the Order of the Knights of the Immaculate Cbnception, instituted by Charles III. The king also desired him to define the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, but France blocked the way. Portugal, whilst it made a certain outward show of goodwill towards Rome, continued to interfere in ecclesiastical affairs and to impose on colleges and seminaries an education more in accord with French philosophism than with the spirit of the Church. At Naples the minister Tanucci hindered the recruitment of religious orders; episcopal acts re- quired the roj'al placet; the anti-religious press en- joyed high protection. Poland and Russia were an- other source of deep grief for Clement XIV. Wliilst, politically, Poland was preparing its own ruin, the Piarists openly taught the worst philosophism in their schools and refu.sed to have their houses visited by the papal nuncio at Warsaw. King Stanislaus planned the extinction of the religious orders and favoured the Freemasons. The pope was powerless; the few concessions he obtained from Catherine II for the Catholics of her new province were set at naught by that headstrong woman as soon as it suited her politics. Of her own authority she created for the annexed Catholic Ruthenians a new diocese (Mohileff) administered by a bishop (Siestrencewicz) of schis- matic temper. Clement XIV had the satisfaction of seeing his nimcio, Caprara, favourably received at the Court of England, and of initiating measures for the emancipation of English Catholics. This turn in the relations between Rome and England was due to the granting of royal honom-s to the king's brother when he visited Rome in 1772; the same honours being refused to the Pretender. In the East, the Nestorian Patriarch, Mar Simeon, and six of his suffragans, were reunited to Rome. In Rome the pope found little favour with either the Roman patriciate or the Sacred College; none of the many measiu-es he took for the betterment of his people could atone, in their eyes, for his subserviency to the Boiu-bon Courts and for the suppression of the Jesuits. The last months of his life were embittered l>y the consciousness of his failiu-es; at times he .seemed crushed under the weight of sor- row. On the inth of September, 1774, he took to his bed, received Extreme Unction on the 21st, and died piously on the 22nd of the same month. Many wit- nesses in the process of canonization of St. Alphonsus of Liguori attested that the saint had been miracu- lously present at the death-bed of Clement XIV to console and fortify him in his last hour. The doctors, who opened the (le:ul liudy in presence of many .spec- tators, ascribed deatli tM scorbutic and luemorrhoidal di.spositions of long .standing, aggravated by excessive labour and by the haliit of provoking artificial per- spiration even during the greatest lieat. Notwith- st;indMig till' doctors' certificate, the "Spanish party" and liisti.rical romancers attributed death to poison administered by the Jesuits. The mortal remains of

Clement XIV rest in the church of the Twelve Apos- tles. (See also Society of Jesus.)

BuUarium Romanum; Clemcntis XIV rpistoltr el brevia. ed. Theiner {Paris. 1852); Cordara. Mpmoirs on the suppression of the Jesuits, published by Dollinger in Bcilrage zut pohli- schcn, kirchtichen u. Cidturqeschichte (Vienna, 1S82). — As to the Lrttrcs intere.ssantrs de Clement .Y/V, published by the Mar- chess Caracciolo in 1776, Father Sydney Smith. S. J., say.s, in a note to one of the articles in The Month (CI. ISO. Feb., 1913.3> referred to below: "There has been much discussion about these letters. The Marchese Caracciolo in his Preface is sus- piciously reticent a-s to the-channels through which he obtained them, and gives them in a French translation instead of in the original Italian. On this account, and because it is difficult to believe that some of the contents come from Fra Lorenzo [as Clement XIV was called in religionj, many critics have rejected the entire collection a,s spurious. But von Reumont thinks U;iingan,ni—P,ip:l ri.m.nl ,,in,- Brirfe unit seine Zeil, 1847. Preface -10-421 fti;it if i-in -iit'-l;i!i'C rt ijenuine collection, though

some of the leltns ,.,r.- -imi - ,umI interpolated. Von Reu-

niont argues \-cr\' iii'll\- ili:it it wnuld hardly be possible to fabricate so in.-iiiy letters, addressed to correspondents most of whonr were ali\'e at the time of the publication, and yet impart to them the unity, distinctness, and spontaneity of a living ch.Tractrr" Ckktini: Mi-.Ini.v, Clhnent XIV et Irs Jesuites iTmi., 'sir, ^ /•,,,., .7,„„„( XIV, Lettres au P. Theiner; W .-■■■ / ' , » . (Paris. 1884); RonssEAU, Ez-

I / 7. (Paris. 1907); De la Serviere

i-> \ -- 1 /' ' ' '- / '.,//,, (Paris. 1907), s. V. CUmentXIV;

Thr hiil.in, l-:,r,,,r ii,s:,.^i. XXXIX, 107; Smith, The Sup- pression -'/ ihi .^nrh hi of Jesus, articles in The Month (London. 1902-31. XriX. c. CI. CII; Ravignan. Clement X III et Cle- ment XIV (Pans. is.'>4).

J. WlLHELM.

Clement, C«sar, date of birth uncertain; d. at Brussels 28 Aug., 1626, great-nephew of Sir Thomas More's friend, Dr. John Clement. He was a student at Douai when in 1.578 the college was removed to Reims, but was shortly sent to the English College, Rome, being admitted 5th September, 1579. He was ordained priest in 1585, but remained in Rome till Oct., 1587. He took the degree of Doctor of Theology in Italy, probably in Rome itself. Thotigh originally destined for the English mission, he never went to England, but held the imjiortant positions of Dean of St. Gudule's, Pirussels. and vicar-general of the King of Spain's army in Flanders. He was a great bene- factor to all English exiles, esiiecially the Augustinian Canonesses of Louvain. In 1612 he, with the Rev. Robert Chambers, was commissioned from Rome to make a visitation of Douai College so as to put an end to the dissatisfaction with the administration there. (See Dodd, "Church Hist, of Eng.", Tierney ed., V, 3 sqq.)

Dodd, Church History of Enaland (London, 1737). II. 388; Morris. Troubles of our Cath. Forefathers (London, 1872), I, 40, 41. 47. ."i"; Douoi/ Diaries (London, 1877); Foley, Records Eng. Pror. S .1 (London, 18S0), VI. 138; Gillow, Bibl. Diet. Eng. C'lili (I... ml. .11. 1SS5). I. 497-8; Cooper in Diet. Nat. Bioq. il,..ii.|..n, IssTi, .\I. 32; Hamilton. Chronicles of the English .\ u.jusliinon Canonesses of Louvain (London. 1904-6).

Edwin Buhton.

Clement, Fr.\N('ois. a member of the Benedictine Congregation of Saint-Maur and historian, b. at Beze in the department of Cote-d'Or, France, 1714; d. at Paris, 29 March, 1793. He made his first studies at the college of the Jesuits at Dijon. Soon after his profession in 1731 his superiors sent hini to the monastery of the " Blancs-Manteau.x " at Paris to assist in the learned labours of the congregation. ■To great intellectual gifts Clement added scientific acumen and an unflagging industry which especially fitted him for his task. He knew no fatigue and at night gave barely two or three hotirs to sleep. He first busied liimself mth the preparations for volumes

XI and XII of the "Histoire litt^raire de la France"; these volumes covered the years 1141-1167 and were edited by Cleinencet. He then edited, in collabora- tion with Dom Brial, a fellow- Benedictine, volumes

XII and XIII of the work begun by Bouquet in 1738, "Recueil des historiens des (laiiles et de Iti France" (Paris, 1786), or as the title is generally given "Scrip- tores reruin gallicarum et franeicanun". These volumes contain altogether 439 original documents,