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CROIA

Government. He is a. member of the Hungarian cjibinet and is responsible to the Ilimgarian Parlia- nicnr. Croatia is represented in the House of Magnates by three delegates; in the House of Representatives by forty delegates. On Delegations for National Affairs Croatia-Slavonia is repre.sented liy one member from the Upper House and four from the Lower.

Education .a.nd Religion. — There is a university at Zagreb with three faculties: philosophy, theology, and law; an agricultural academy; and an academy founded and endowed by Bishoj) Strossmayer. There are twenty-five high schools and gymnasia each with eight grades, and over a thousand public schools of five grades, all supported by the Government, with the exception of some private institutions.

Ecclesiastically Croatia constitutes one province, erected by the Bull "Auctorem omnium" of Pius IX, 11 Dec., 1852. The archiepiscopal see is at Agram (Zagreb), and there are three suffragan dioceses: Djakovo, Senj-Modrus, and Kreuz (Krizevci) (Uniat Greek). Theoretically the relations between Church and State are regulated by a concordat of IS Aug., 1S5J; but this is practically disregarded. Civil mar- riage Is not recognized and ecclesiastical regulations are in force. Of the population of 2,186,410, 71 per cent, is Catholic; 26 per cent. Schismatic Greek; 1.6 per cent. Protestant; and 1 per cent. Jewish. Free- dom of worship is guaranteed by State law. Religious instruction is given in the schools under Government supervision, the State paying such teachers and sup- plying textbooks out of the |)ublic revenues. Churches are incorporated under the name of the parish or com- munity to which they belong, subject to the require- ments of canon law. Church property is taxed, but the clergy are exempt from military and jury ser- vice. They are also subject to the civil penal law, have the power to make wills but not witness to them, and can dispose of their personal property according to canon law. Cemeteries are regulated by ecclesiastical and civil law, each denoniinat ion having its own. Re- ligious orders may be estal)lished with the consent of the Church and State; the Franciscans, Capuchins, Jesuits, and Salvatorians are represented. Bishops are nominated by the king, on the recommendation of the Government, and aiipointed by the pope. Canons are ajipointed by the king on the recommendation of the tiovemment", and the latter appoints the irremov- able rectors from the lerna, i. e. from three names proposed, or regardless of the hTiia. Each diocese hxs its own seminary. The Catholic press has a number of weekly, and a' few daily, papers.

C.\u»ES OF Emigu.\tion. — The people are over- taxed. Industrj- and commerce are handicapped by the centralization of common carriers and by a trans- ponation tariff upon export goods. The import and export tariffs are unjustly ap[)ortioned, and agricul- ture and stock-raising are unprofitaljle except for domestic purposes. State monopolies prevent free connnerce, and bureaucracy hampers the development of trade and the comfort of the people. The land is generally cultivated and is rich in forests. Quicksil- ver, gold, copper, iron, coal, coal oil and sulphur are found, but the production is small. The rivers arc navigalile, and there are exeellent roads, but the rail- roads have not kept pace with the needs of the people.

In the United States there arc over 200,000 Croats distrilHited in all sections, working in mines, factories, and upon farms. Many of these are well-to-do. The immigration began in tiie early part of the nineteenth centurj' and numbers fouglit in the Civil War. There are about 2.50 Croatian societies under the patronage of various saints. Owing to the scarcity of native priests the number of pari.shes is small, only twelve in numlier (1908) and four parf)chial schools. It inu.st be remembered, however, that the first Croatian prie.st came to the United States only ten years ago, while the people had been coming in large numbers for IV— 33

thirty years, with no one to look after their spiritual needs. The Croatian parishes which have been or- ganized are: — Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Rankin, I'ennsylvania; St. Nicholas, Allegheny, Penn- slyvania; St. Rock, Johnstown, Pennsylvania; St. Paul, Cleveland, Ohio; St. Jo.seph, St. Louis, Missouri; St. John, Calumet, Michigan; St. John, Kansas City, Kansas; Assvunption of B. V. M., Chicago, Illinois; Sts. Peter and Paul (Greek TTniat), Chicago, Ills.; Sts. Peter and Paul, Great Falls, Montana; St. Mary of Grace, Steelton, Pennsylvania; Church of the Nativ- ity, San Francisco, California.

Academia scientiarum et artium: Documenta hislorifs croaticcEf periodum antiquam illustrantia (Agram, 1877); Kukuljevich, Codex diplomaticu^ rcffni Croatia, DalmatitF et Slfivonite (.\grani, 1874, 1876); LnflCH, De regno Dalmaliic et Croalirr, libri sex (St.. Mark's Librar>', Venice); Theiner, Vetera monumenla Stavorum meridimwUiim (Rome, Agram, 1863, 1875); Tkalcich, Monu- menln /.,./. ..-ir.r i \!;ram, 1896); Fermendzin. Acta Bosnite (.\Kr:ii!i I ^'1 '; tx ii'cLicH, De refjnis Dalmatian, Croatia- et Sta- voni't \ I I ''; Farlati, /Wi/nciim 5acrum (Venire, 1751, 1801; - I " 'i(ii niirinmn (Agram, 1839, 1842);Tka-

L?-i(ii, «,..) 't...-., I \!'rnin, _1861); "LiVBlca, Pregled

hn'iitsk-i pair I!' 1"^''!: >^MiciKLA8, Hrvarsko poviest

(Aaram, 1S7',', i-^ I, ."nvi Hrvata (Agram, 1899,

sq.l; liALKi, ,< l.\gram); Horn, La Hon-

grie et la Ciuai.^ i,i'.i:i. KHJ,, rLivERicil, Beitrage (Agram, 1SS6); Macaulay, Eduiburuh Jicvicw (April, 1842); Statesman's Year Book (1908).

M. D. Krmpotic.

Croce, Giovanni, compo.ser, b. at Chioggia near Venice in 1557; d. 15 May, 1609. Under the tutelage at Venice of Gio.seffo Zarlino, Croce became one of the most noted composers of the Venetian School. After entering the priesthood he was attached to the church of Santa Maria Formosa. In 1593 he was given charge of the choir boys at San Marco with the title of vice- director. On the death of Baltazzaro Donati, 13 July, 1603, Croce became his successor as choirmaster. He wrote a great deal of secular music in the forms par- ticularly cultivated in his time, such as the madrigal and the canzonetta, but his chief productions are those destined for the Church. Their characteristics are clarity of form and a devotional spirit. Many of his compositions form part of Proske's "Musica Divina" and Lueck's collection contains three motets; "O sacrum convivium ", " Cantate Domino ", and " Exaudi Deus".

Ambros. Gcschichte der Mu.iik (Leipzig, 1881); Kornmclleh, Lexikon der kirehlichen Tonktin.it (Ratisbon, 1895), Pt. II. p. 66. Caffi, Storia delta Musica Sacra (Venice, 1854-55), I, 200, 200.

Joseph Otten.

Croia, a titular see of Albania. Croia (pronounced Kruya, Albanian, "Spring") stands on the site of Eriboea, a town mentioned by Ptolemy (III, xiii, 13, 41). Georgius Aeropolites (Ixix) mentions it as a fortress in 1251. A decree of the Venetian senate gave it in 1343 to Marco Barbarigo and his wife. In 1.395 it was held by the Castriots (Ma-s-Latrie, Tri^sor de chronologic, 1773), and it wa-s the birthplace of the Lion of Albania, the national hero, George Castriota or Seanderbeg (d. 17 Jan., 1468). It was captured by Mohammed II 14 June, 1478, and the whole popu- lation was slaughtered together with the Venetian garrison, except the few who embraced Mohammedan- ism. Since the thirteenth century Croia has been a Latin suffragan of DjTrachium (Durazzo). Farlati (Illyricum sacrum, VII, 411-432) mentions fourteen bishoi>s from 1286 to 1694 (Gams, 404; Lequien, III, 9.55, incomplete); Eubel (1,224; 11,156) adds four names and corrects some data. Croia is to-day the chief town of a kaimakamlik in the vilayet of Scutari, with about 10,000 inhabitants, all Mussulmans. The Venr-tian citadel, 1500 feet above the sea, is still pre- served together with Turkish guns and bells dating from the days of Skanderbeg. Croia is renowned among the Bektashi dervishes for the tombs of many of their saints.

HoPF, Chroniqui Ilautc-Albanie (Paris, 1901), 215-227,

S. Pktbides.