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 CREDENCE

476

CREDI

should be noted that while none of the Fathers main- IX (1050), in the symbol presented to the Bishop tained Traducianism — the parental generation of the Peter for subscription, lays down: "I believe and soul — as a certainty, some of them, notably St. Angus- profess that the soul is not a part of God, but is tine, at the outbreak of Pelagianism, began to doubt created out of nothing, and that, without baptism, it the creation by God of the individual soul (there was is in original sin" (Denzinger, Enchir., n. 296). That never any doubt as to the created origin of the souls the soul sinned in its pre-existent state, a.nd on that of Adam and Eve), and to incline to the opposite accoimt was incarcerated in the body, is a fiction opinion, which seemed to facilitate the explanation which has been repeatedly condemned by the Church.

" " • • Divested of this fiction, the theory |

that the soul exists prior to its in- fusion into the organism, while not explicitly reprobated, is obviously opposed to the doctrine of the Church, according to which souls are multi- plied correspondingly with the multi- plication of human organisms (Cone. Lat. V, in Denzinger, op. cit., 621). But whether the rational soul is infused into the organism at concep- tion, as the modern opinion holds, or some weeks subsequently, as the Scholastics suppose (St. Thomas, Q. i a. 2, ad 2), is an open question with theologians (Kleutgen, Phil. d. Vor- zcit, II, 657). (See also Man ; Metem- psychosis ; Soul; Traducianism.)

Maker, Psychology (New York, 1903); MivART, Origin of Human Reason (Lon- don, 1889); Dhiscoll, The Soul (New- York, 1898); Mercier. La Psychologic 1905); GcTBERLET, Psychologic (Munich, 1896).

F. P. Siegfried.

of the transmission of original sin Thus, writing to St. Jerome, St, Augustine says: "If that opinion of the creation of new souls is not op- posed to this established article of faith [sc. original sin] let it be also mine; if it is, let it not be thine" (Ep. clxvi, n. 25). Theodorus Abucara (Opusc. xxxv), Macarius (Hom.xx.x), and St. Gregory of Nyssa (De Opif., Horn., c. xxix) favoured this view. Amongst the Scholastics there were no defenders of Traducianism. Hugh of St. Victor (De Sacr., VII, c. xii) and Alexander of Hales (Summa, I, Q. Ix, mem. 2, a. 3) alone char- acterize Creationism as the more probable opinion; all the other Schoolmen hold it as certain and differ only in regard to the censure that should be attached to the op- posite error. Thus Peter Lombard simply says : "The Catholic Church teaches that souls are created at their infusion into the body" (Sent. II, d. xviii); while St. Thomas is more emphatic: " It is heretical to say that the intellectual soul is transmitted by process

Lorenzo di Credi (By himself)

Credence (or Credence-Table). — A small table of wood, marble, or other suitable material placed -nithin

of generation" (I, Q. cxviii, a. 2). For the rest, the sanctuary of a church and near the wall at the

the following citation from the Angelic Doctor sums Epistle side, for the purpose of holding the cruets,

up the diverse opinions: "Regarding this question acolytes' candles, and other utensils requu-ed for the

various opinions were expressed in antiquity. Some celebration of the Holy Sacrifice. The credence,

held that the soul of the child is produced by the p soul of the parent just as the body is generated by the parent-body. Others maintained that all souls are created apart, moreover that they are united with their respec- tive bodies, either by their own volition or by the command and action of God. Others, again, declared that the soul in the moment of its crea- tion is infused into the body. Though for a time these several views were upheld, and though it was doubtful which came nearest the truth (as ap- pears from Augustine's commentary on Gen., x, and from his books on (he origin of the soul), the Church subsequently condemned the first two and approved the third" (De Potentia, Q. iii, a. 9). Others (e. g. Greg- ory of Valencia) speak of Generationism as "cer- tainly erroneous", or (e. g. Estius) as maximc temerarius. It should, however, be noted that while there are no such explicit definitions authoritatively put forth by the Church as would warrant our calling the doctrine of Creationism </(' fule. nevertheless, as a recent eniinciit theologian ob.scrvcs. "there can be no

The Holy Family — Lorenzo di Oodi

properly so called, is con- templated only in con- nexion with solemn Masses; onit the chalice, paten, corporal, and veil are placed from the be- ginning of the Mass untU the Offertory. When a bishop celebrates, it should be of larger dimen- sions than usual, the ordi- nary size being about forty inches long, twenty broad, and thirty-six high. On very solemn festivals it should be covered with a linen cloth extending to the ground on all sides, on less solemn occasions the cloth should not extend so far, while on days of simple rite it should mere- ly cover the superficies. For low Masses the ru- bricscontcmplatoa niche or bracket in the wall, or some small arrangement for holding the cruets, finger-bowl, and towel,

but custom now favours the use of a credence-table.

Cfrrcvionialr Episcoponim, 1, xil sq.', Ruhr. (nm. Miss., XX; Van dek Stappen, De Missa Cticbralionr (Mei-hhn, 1902).

Pathick Mohrisroe.

Credi, Lorenzo di, Florentine painter, b. at Flor- ence. H.'iO; (1. (here. l.'):57. Vasari gives his family

doubt as to which view is favoured by ecclesiastical name as Sciarpelloni, but his original u.aine seems to authority" (Pesch, Priel. Dogin., V, 3, p. 66). Leo have been Barducci. He was a pupU farst of the