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COUNCILS

iccording to local legend the Gospel was preached re by St. Dionysius the Areopagite. Its first iwn bishop was P'la\ianus. during whose epis- ate occurred (lie siege of the city by Totila. icr bishops wore: Theodosios (012); Petrus 3); Theotimus (700): and Nicephorus (S70). rthy of note are: Antonio Sebastiano Minturno 55 ), a polislied writer and poet : the Spanisli Do- liran, Juan Lopez (1595); the Theatine, Toininaso

Monti (1599), famous for his zeal; and Nice- I Alelisseno Coinineno (162S), who had previously iered signal service to the Holy See in the Orient

in France. The diocese has a population of 14,- , with 10 parishes, 29 churches and chapels, 24 liar priests, and 5 religious orders of women. IPPKI.I.KTTI, Le chiese tl'Italia (Venice. 1844). XXI, 187; . ec4:l. (Home, 1907); Lenormant, La Grande Grixe (Paris, -83).

U. Benigxi.

otta. See Surplice.

otter, J. B. See Winona, Diocese of.

oucy, Robert de, a medieval French master- iliT and son of a master-builder of the same name, t Reims (or Coucy, according to some authorities) ; t Keinis in 1.311. In 126.3 he was appointed suc- or to Hugues Libergier as director of the work of ding the church of .Saint-Nicaise at Reims, and be- en this date and 1279 he constructed the choir, pels, and part of the transept; the church was rwards destroyed during the Revolution. Some i illustrations of this building, begun in 1229 and sidcred one of the best Gothic churches of the great od in France, have been preserved. A nearly con- porary chronicle of the Abbey of Saint-Nicaise i that " Hugo Libergiers pronaon ecclesiiE per- t. Robert de Coucy caput ecclesis construxit". sr the death of his father, Robert de Coucy had i chief charge of the work on the cathedral at ois, which was rebuilt after its destruction by fire 210. The new cathedral was begun in 1211. and choir, constructed by Robert de Coucy the elder,

completed in 1241. The cathedral was built on a pie plan of a vast choir, no transepts, and a rather •ow nave. VioUet-le-Duc says: "This building all the strength of the cathedral of Chartres with-

its heaviness; in short it combines the essential lirements of artistic beauty, power and grace; it jesides, built of fine materials cunningly put to- ler, and there is found in all its parts a pains- ing care and a skill very rare at a period when men t with great lapitlity and often with inadequate urces". In a labyrinth, or representation of a e of the cathedral were effigies of the architects of
 * e, which formerly existed in the pavement of the

edifice from its founilation up to 1382; among ie cthtjics, according to tradition, were those of the

Rol)i-rt lie Coucys, father and son. In the cloister he .Abbey of Saint-Denis at Reims F^libien noted

gravestone of Robert de Coucy, "Alaistre de re- Dame et de Saint-Nicaise, qui tr^passa en i'an l".

ARLOT. Histoire de. la vQle de Reims (Lille, 1666; Reims, l-^.'j). I. 636; I.iBKE, Hittory of Art (1880). I, .529; Reber, ory uf MrditrxxU Art (Sew York. 1897), 498; Gotlt asd WORTH. Encyc. of Archiiccture (London and New York. I), 1132: Melizia. Lixv.i of Celebrated Archilecl.i. I, I5.'>: BABY, .\fedianal Art (Ixjndon and New Y'ork. 1904). 247; irandr enrydopedie, 3. v. dc Coucy: Marshall, Cathedral !» of France, 48-49.

Thomas H. Poole. k)udert, Antoixe. See Colombo, Archdiocese

loudert, Frederic Rene, b. in New York, 1 rch, ls:i2; d. ;it Washington, D. C, 20 December, 3. He graduated from Columbia College in liis ive city in lS.50,an<lc)n his majority was admitted

to practice in the courts. He became a leader of the Bar, being learned in the science of the law and skilled in its ait and practice. During t he controversy conc'crning .\merican and British seal fisheries in the Bering Sea, and in the controversy concerning the (lisp\iled boundary bctwecni Venezuela and British Columbia, he acted as legal adviser for the United States Government. He was an orator not only in F^nglish, but also in the French, Spanish, and Italian languages, and was gifted with a manner and style singularly attractive, with ready wit and power of sarcasm. He bore testimony to his political principles

in periods of

strain and con- troversy. He consented in 1876 to visit Louisiana for the purpo.se of urging the " Re- turning Board" of that political- ly distracted State to act justly respect- ing election re- turns which were to deter- mine the presi- de n t i a 1 suc- cession, and in 1892 and again in 1893 he was a prominent op- ponent of the courses taken by his own politi- cal party. Poli- tics he seemed to regard as a means for carrj'ing into effect certain principles, not as a means of office-seeking. He declined the Russian mission, a judgeship of the Court of .\ppeals of the State of New York, and a justiceship of the Supreme Court of the United States. He accepted (and it was the only public office he ever held) the incon.spicuous and unsalaried membership in the Board of Education of the City of New York. As a Cathohc he was always loyal to the Church; as the son of a French refugee he never forgot France. On two subjects he declared himself to be sensitive: the Bark of Peter and the land of his ancestors.

Addresaea by Frederic R. Coudert (New Y'ork and London, 190.5); Annual Reports of lite Association of the Bar of the City of Netv York (New Y'ork, 190.5); U. S. Cath. Hist. Soc. Records and Studies (New York, 1904).

Charles W. Sloan e.

Councils, General. — This subject will be treated under the following heads: I. Definition; II. Classifi- cation; III. Historical Sketch; IV. The Pope and General Councils; V. Composition of General Coun- cils: (a) Right of participation; (b) Requisite number of members; (c) Papal headship the formal element of Councils ; VI. Factors in the Pope's Co-opera- tion with the Council: (a) Convocation: (b) Direc- tion; (c) Confirmation; VII. Busines,-; Metliods: (a) The facts; fb) The theon,-; VIII. Infallibility of Gen- eral Councils; IX. Correlation of PaiKil and Concili- ary Infallibility; X. Infallibility Restricted to Unan- imous Findings; XI. Promulgation; XII. IsaCouncil above the Pope? XIII. Has a General Council Power to Depose a Pope?

I. Definition. — Councils are legally convened as- semblies of ecclesiastical dignitaries and theological exjicrts for the purpose of discu.ssing and regulating matters of church doctrine and disciiiline. The terms council and sijnod are synonymous, although in