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in succession to the murdered Adolph of Nassaii, of course with a view of obtaining later the imperial crown. Pope Clement was apparently active in favour of Philip's plan; at the same time he made it known to the ecclesiastical electors that the selection of Count Henrj' of Lutzelburg. brother of the Arch- bishop of Trier, would be pleasing to him. The pope was well aware that further extension of French au- thority could only reduce still more his own small measure of independence. Though elected, 6 Janu- ary, 1309, as Henrj' VII, and soon assured of the papal agreement to his imperial consecration, it was only in 1312 that the new king reached Rome and was consecrated emperor in the church of St. John Lateran by cardinals specially delegated by the pope. Circumstances forced Henry VII to side with the Italian Ghibellines, with the result that in Rome itself he found a powerful Guelph party in possession of St. Peter's and the greater part of the city, actively supported also by Kng Robert of Naples. The new emperor, after the humiliating failure of his Italian expedition, undertook to compel the Angevin king to recognize the imperial authority, but was crossed by the papal action in defence of King Robert as a vassal of the Roman Church, o\'erlord of tlie Two Sicilies. On the eve of a new ItaUan campaign in support of the imperial honour and rights Henrj- \'II died suddenly near Siena, 24 August, 1313. He was the last hope of Dante and his fellow-Ghibellines, for whom at this time the great poet drew up in the "De Monarcliia" his ideal of good government in Italy through the restoration of the earlier strong empire of German rulers, in whom he saw the ideal overlords of the European world, and even of the pope as a temporal prince.

Clemext V AND England. — Ambassadors of Ed- ward I assisted at the coronation of Clement V. At the request of King Edward, the pope freed him from the obligation of keeping the promises added to the Charter in 1297 and 1300, though the king afterwards took little or no advantage of the papal absolution. Moreover, to satisfy the king, he suspended and called to the papal court (1305) the Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert of Winchelsea, who had pre- viously suffered much for adhering to the side of Boni- face VIII, and whom Edward I was now pursuing T\ith unproved charges of treason. (See CLEnicis Laicos.) It was only in 1307, after the accession of Edward II, that this great churchman, at the royal request, was permitted by Clement to return from Bordeaux to his See of Canterburj', whose ancient right to crown the kings of England he successfully maintained. Clement excommunicated (1.306) Rob- ert Bruce of Scotland for his share in the murder of the Red ComjTi, and he deprived of their sees Bishops Lambarton and Wishart for their part in the subse- quent national rising of the Scots. The Lords and Commons at the Parliament of Carlisle (1307) exhibited a strong anti-papal temper, apropos, among other complaints, of the granting of rich Enghsh benefices to foreigners, and though no positive action followed, the later Statutes of Provisors and Praemunire look back to this event as indicative of English temper. (See Gasquet, "The Eve of the Reformation", essay on "Mixed Juri.sdjction", and for other items of English interest the "Regesta" of Clement V, and Bliss, "Calendar of Ecclesiastical Documents relating to England", London, 1893 sqq.. Rolls series.)

Clement V and the Canon Law. — He completed the medieval "Corpus Juris Canonici" by the publica- tion of a collection of papal decretals known as " Clcm- entinse", or "Liber Clementinanim". sometimes "Liber iSeptimus" in reference to the "Liber .Sext us" of Boniface VIII. It contains decretals of the latter pope, of Benedict XI, and of Clement him.self. To- gether wnth the decrees of the Council of Vienne it was promulgated (21 March, 1314) at the papal resi-

dence of Monteaux near Carpentras. It follows the method of the "Decretals" of Gregory IX and the "Liber Sextus" of Boniface VIII, i. e. five books, vnth subdivision into titles and chapters. As the pope died (20 April) before this collection had been gener- ally pubhshed, its authenticity was doubted by some, wherefore John XXII promulgated it anew, 25 Octo- ber, 1317, and sent it to the University of Bologna asa genuine collection of papal decretals to be used in the courts and the schools. (Laurin, "Introd. in corpus juris canonici ", Freiburg, 18S9; cf. Ehrle, "Archiv f. Litteratur und Kirchengesch.", IV, 36 sqq.)

Clement's official correspondence is found in the nine folio volumes of the Regc.ita Clemenlis V (Benedictine ed., Rome, 18S.5-92);Baluze, Vita paparum Avmimensium (Fans, 1693), I: Raynald, ^nn. £cc/., ad ann. 1303-13; Hefble, Concilien- gesch.{2d ed.), VI, 393 sqq.; Ehrle. ArcAii' /. LUt.u. Kirchengesch. (1887-89^: Christophe, Hi^t. de la papautc pendant le quator- zii-me siecle (Paris. 18.53). I;Sotjchon, Papslxvahlen von Bonifaz VIII. bis Urban VI. (1888); Rabanis, Clement V et Philippe le Bel (Paris. 1858); Boutaric, La France sous Philippe le Bel (Paris, 1861); Renan. Eludes sut la politique de Philippe le Bel (Paris, 1899); Wenck, Clement V.und Heinrich V//. (1882); Lacoste. Nourelles Hudes sur Clement V (Paris, 1896); Ber- CHON, //!>(. du Pape Cl.ment V (Bordeaux, 1898), and the ex- haustive bibliography in Chevalier, Bio-Bihl. For the litera- ture of the Templars, see Templars. It will suffice to men- tion here: L-WOC.at, Le proccs des frbres de Vordre du Temple (Paris, ISSS); Schottmuller, Der Untergang des Templer-Or- dens (18S7); Gmelin, ScAw/rf oder Unschuld des Templerordens (1893); Ch. Langlois, HtsiotVe de France, ed. La visse (Paris, 1901), III (ii), 174-200; Lea, History of the Inquisition (New York. 1887), III, 238-334; Delavillb Le Roclx, La suppres- sion des Templiers in Revue des questions historiques (1890), XLVII, 29; and Grange, The Fall of the Knights of The Temple in Dublin Review (1895), 329-46.

Thomas J. Shahan.

Clement VI, Pope (Pierre Roger), b. 1291 in the castle of Maumont, department of Correze, France, elected pope, 7 May, 1342, at Avignon, where he died 6 December, 1352. At the age of ten he entered the Benedictine monastery of La Chaise-Dieu (Haute- Loire), where he made his religious profession. After devoting some time to study at Paris, he gradu- ated as doctor and became professor in that city. Subsequent to his in- troduction to Pope John XXII by Cardinal Pierre Grouin deMortemart, he rapidly rose from one ecclesiasti- cal dignity to another. At first prior of Saint-Baudile at Ximes, then .\bbot of Fecamp in Normandy, he became Bish- '^^^ ** op of Arras and Chancellor of France in 1328, was pro- moted to the Archbishopric of Sens in 1329, and to that of Rouen the following year. In the latter city a pro- %'incial council, which promulgated several disciplinary decrees, was held under his presidency in 1335. He was created cardinal (1338) by Benedict XII, whom he succeeded as pontiff. One of the characteristic traits of his policy as head of the LTniversal Church was his excessive devotion to the interests of France and those of his relatives. His French sjTnpathies impeded his efforts to restore and maintain peace be- tween England and France, although his mediation led to the conclusion of a short general truce (Males- troit, 1343). Most of the twenty-five cardinals whom he created were French, and twelve of them were related to him. The King of France wa-s given per- mission (1344) to Communicate under both kinds. Clement accepted the senatorial dignity offered him as "Knight Roger" by a Roman delegation, which numbered Petrarch as one of its members. He al.so granted their request for the celebration of a jubilee every fifty, instead of every hunilred, years (Bull " I'nigenitus", 1343), but declined their in\'itation to return to Rome. Greater permanency seemed to be assured to the papal residence abroad by his purchase of the sovereignty of .\vignon for 80,000 florins from Joanna of Naples and Provence (9 Jtme, 1 348). About the same time he also declared this princess innocent of complicity in the murder of her husband. The