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 CONSTANTINE

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CONSTANTINE

become directly subject to the popes. Accordingly, when it had been proved to Benedict that for some long time at least they had been consecrated at Rdmic, he definitely surrendered his claun to j\n"isdipti<)n over them. The visit of a po[5e to a city at any dis- tance from Home being so com|iarativi'ly rare, tin' people of several jilaces at which Constantinc toiuhnl m his journey to and from Constantinople were only too pleased to be able to avail themselves of the oppor- tunity of getting him to consecrate a bishop for them. It is on reconl that he consecrated twelve in this way, and, at the customary times and places, no less than sixty-four.

Lib. pontificalis, ed. Duche,sne, I, 389; M.^nn, Lives of the Popes (London, St. Louis, 1902), I, pt. II, 127 sqq.

Horace K. M.\nn.

Constantine (Cirt.\), Diocese of (Con.st.\ntin- wna), coni]]rises the present arrondissement of Con- stantine in Algeria. It was separated from the Dio- eese of Algiers 25 July, 1866. A pontifical Brief,

KOCK OF THE M.\RTYH3

'1 1867, authorized its bishop to adopt the title

I .i<hop of Constantine and Hippo.

I hi' city of Cirta, which took in the fourth century M name of its resto/er, Constantine, and in which ii- rinperor built two churches, was an episcopal see

III the second century up to the time of the Mussul-
 * iii invasion. The Bishops Agapius and Secundinus,

• -iildier iEmilianus, and the virgins Tertulla and riii.nia were martjTed there under Valerian (25.3- I . .\ Latin inscription cut in the rocks at the 111 nice to the Rurnmel Pass (Corpus Inscriptionuin iiiii:irum: Africa, 7it24) mentions Sts. Marian and Mr^ as martyrs either at Cirta or Lambesa during

nie persecution. Within the territory now com-

^ the Diocese of Constantine there were, in


 * ih century, 195 dioceses, w^iose titles and e])is-


 * lists have been published by Mgr. Toulotte,

ii'Ml; them the Diocese of Hippo, governed by St.

iL'iMiMc in the fifth century. On .30 August, 1842,

jr. 1 lupuch, Bisliop of Algiers, brought the right

1 .St. Augustine from Pavia to Hippo, and the

rsary of the translation of this precious relic

lirated annually. A new basilica erected on

liill of Hippo, purcha.sed by Mgr. Lavigerie in

• ^■i>. was consecrated 11 March, 1900. Prior to the I ii inent of the law of 1901, there were in the

' bazarists, the Little Brothers of Mary, and the 1 athers; at present only the latter remain. In 111' diocese contained 2 foundling a-sylums, 22 a.sylums, 2 boys' orphanages, 4 girls' orphan- '. industrial schools, 2 houses of shelter, 13 hos- iiul hospices, 7 dispens,aries, and 15 hou.ses of IS who care for the sick. At the close of 1905 ! the |)eriod under the Concordat) the diocese I'opulation of 1.37,041 ; 5 pastorates, 67 succur-

sal pari-shes (mission churches), and 17 curacies re- numerated by the State.

TouLOTTK, Gennr. dc VAjriquc chrrt. (Alceria, 1891); Cskll, Observations siir I'lnsrnp. drs nwrli/rs de Constan'ine (Algicr.s, 1S97); UK I'n\TS, L'rglise africaine (Tours, 1894); Cheva- Lii;n. Inpo bibt.. ^;. V.

George.s Goyau.

Constantine, Donation ok. See Don.^tion of

C0N.STANTINE.

Constantine Africanus, a medieval medical writer and teacher; born c. 1015; died c. 1087. His name, Africanus, comes from the place of his nativity, Carthage in Africa. Early in life he devoted himself to the study of medicine, and as was the custom of the times made distant journeys, some of which brought him into the Far East. He became familiar with the Oriental languages and studied Arabian lit- erature very deeply. His studies in Arabian medi- cine taught him many things unknown to his Western contemporaries. On his return to Carthage this led to great jealousy on the part of his professional brethren and to so much unpleasantness, for he is even said to have been accused of practising magic, that he gladly accepted the position of secretary to Duke Robert of Salerno. Before this he was, for a short time at least, secretary of the Emperor Con- stantine Monomachus in Reggio, a small town near Byzantium. While in Salerno Constantine became a professor of medicine and attracted widesjiread at- tention. He remained but a few years in this posi- tion, however, and gave up his honours and his worldly goods to become a Benedictine in the mon- astery of Monte Cassino. He was received with open arms by the Abbot Desiderius, one of the most learned men of the time, who afterwards became Pope Victor III. Nearly twenty years of Constan- tino's life were spent at Monte Cassino. He occu- pied hiinself with the writing of books, being stinui- lated thereto by Desiderius who was his most intimate friend. His best-known w"ork is the so-called "Liber Pantegni", which is really a translation of the "Khitaab el Maleki" of Ali Ben el-Abbas. This book he dedicated to Desiderius. He also wrote some original works, but it has been found so diffi- cult to separate what is undoubtedly genuine from what came to be attributed to him in time, that there is no certainty as to his original contributions to medicine. With Constantine begins the second epoch of the Salernitan School of Medicine, espe- cially notable for its translation of all the great writers on medicine, Greek as well as Arabian, and for original work of a high order. Many of the dis- tinguished professors of the twelfth century at Sa- lerno were proud to proclaim Constantine as their mxster. Of the manv editions of his works the chief is that of B.inIi' lin u',].. 1536).

Steinschnk;i II I, ' ' 1/r. und seine arabisehen Quetlen

in Virchnw-Arrlu \\\\ II; Paoel in PuscHMANN, Gesch. d. Med., I; Dinl.h' .\:.l,,,- f. Geseh. d. Med., 1879.

Ja.mes J. Walsh.

Constantine the Great. — HLs coins give his name as M., or more frequently a.s C, Flavins Valerius Con- st antinus. He was born at Naissus, now Nisch in Servia, the son of a Roman officer, Constantius, w'ho later became Roman Emperor, and St. Helena, a woman of humble extraction btit remarkable charac- ter and unusual ability. Tlie date of his birth is not certain, being given as early as 275 (Schiller) and as late as 288 (Otto Seeck). After his father's elevation to the dignity of C;esar we find him at the court of Diocletian and later (.305) fighting under Galerius on the Danube. When, on the resignation of Diocletian and Maximian (305), his father Con- stantius wa-s made .\ugustus, the new Emperor of the West a.sked Galerius, the Eastern Emperor, to let Con- stantine, whom he had not seen for a long time, return