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 CONSTABLE

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CONSTANCE

(2) The public consistory is so called because per- sons foreign to the Sacred College of Cardinals, such as Apostolic prothonotaries, the auditors of the Sacred Rota, and other prelates are called to it. Laymen also, who have made previous application, are per- mitted to be present. Formerly, in this consistory the pope used to give solemn reception to kings, princes, and ambassadors; but this is no longer the custom. In the public consistory the pope performs the ceremony of delivering the red hat to the newly created cardinals. Moreover, the consLstorial advo- cates plead here the causes of beatification and canon- ization. These pleadings are of two kinds. In the first permission is asked that the ordinary process of beatification or canonization may be introduced, or continued, or brought to completion. The second has reference only to causes of canonization. For in ac- cordance with the practice of the Holy See, even after it has been conclusively proved that the mira- cles required for canonization have been performed through the intercession of one declared blessed, the honours of a saint are not decreed to him, unless the question as to whether canonization should take place has been treated in three consistories: secret, public, and semi-public. In the secret consistory the pope asks the opinions of the cardinals, who express it singly by answering placet or non placet (aye or no). In the public consistory one of the consistorial advo- cates pleads the cause and a prelate answers in the pope's name, inviting all to pray in order that the pope may be enlightened on the subject. The final voting takes place in the semi-public consistory.

(3) The semi-public consistory is so called because, besides the cardinals, bishops also take part in it. To this consistory the bishops residing within one hun- dred miles of Rome are simiraoned, while invitations are sent to all the other bishops of Italy; moreover, titular patriarchs and archbishops and bishops w-ho live in Rome, as well as bishops W'ho happen to be sojourning there at the time, are likewise present. After all the Fathers have expressed their opinions on the subject, the pope closes the assembly with an ad- dress on the following canonization. With regard to the time for holding the consistories, the old practice of a.ssembling them at fixed intervals has passed out of use and to-day they meet, as occasion demands, at the pope's wish.

Hilling, Procrdur,- nl th,- Unman Curia (Nrw Ynrk. 1907); Baart, The Ronuu, <\r:r- '\p,v ^-.^rl-, IKOV: TlTMr;,7;-v. Vrbs et OrbK:or The J' / ' '' ' ' ' ,. 1S991;

Smith, ElemenL-i n i; \. \.. i-i ,1.270:

Hebgenrother-I l"i I iM . ,.; " ,..',.::: ■ .\frchrn-

rcchls (Freihurffiiu Hi . um.,, jyj. \.,n .■-. m uf h. Il,u,.ll,„ch des kathnlisrhrn Kirchrnmhla (Gr:iz. ISSfil. I. 4SI; ,-\m.re-Wag- NER, Diet, de Droit Cnnnn. (Paris 190U. I. 5.55: Werxz. Jus Decrclalium (Rome. 1906J. II. 394; Cohellius, Solitia Cardi- jialalus (Rome, 16.53); Lega, De Judiciis Ecclrsiaslicis (Rome, 189S), II. 253.

Hector Papi.

Constable (formerly Tunst.^ll), Cuthbert, date of birth upcertain; d.27 March, 1746. He was the son of Francis Tunstall of Wycliffe Hall, Yorkshire, England, and Cicely, daughter of John Constable, second Viscount Dunbar. When in 1718 he succeeded, on the death of his uncle, the last Viscount Dunbar, to the estates of Burton Constable, he changed liis surname from Tunstall to Constable. He was edu- cated at Douai and subsequently studied medicine at Montpellier. where he took the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He formed a large collection of books and MSS. at Burton Constable, and in other ways was a constant iiatron of Catholic literature, assist- ing Bishop Challoner by lending him documents for the ".Memoirs of Missionary- Priests", and Dodd, by contriliuting to the expenses of the "Historj' of the Chiucli of England". He also maintained friendly relations with non-Catholic scholars; and among the Burton Constable papers are two volumes of his cor- respondence with Mr. Nicholson of University Col-

lege, O.xford. and the well-known antiquarj', Thomas Hearne. His correspondence with the former was chiefly concerned with particulars for the biography of Abraham Woodhead, for whom he had a great veneration. His only publication is a life of Wood- head prefi.xed to his edition of "The Third Part of the Brief Account of Church Government", written by that author (London, 17.36). Gillow (Bibl. Diet. Eng. Cath., I, 549) states that even this was largely taken from Nicholson, but is valuable for the complete Woodhead bibliography. The other works enumer- ated by Gillow (loc. cit.) are not by Constable, bvit were MSS. in his collection. The collection itself was sold by auction in 1889, some of the MS.S. being purchased by Lord Herries and added to his collec- tion at Everingham. Constable was twice married, first to Amy, daughter of Hugh, tliird Lord Chfford, by whom he had three children, William, Cicely, and Winifred, and secondly to Elizabeth Heneage, by whom he had one son, JIarraaduke, who inherited the estate of Wycliffe and resumed the family name of Tunstall.

Kirk, Biographies (London, 1908); Co/ft. Miscellany (1830), p. 134; Gillow, Bibl. Diet. Eng. Cath. (London, 1885), I. 548 sqq.; Hamilton, Chronicle of the Eng. Augustinian Canonesses of til. Monica's at Louvain (London, 1906). II.

Edwin Burtox.

Constable (alias L.vcey). John, controversialist (pen-n.ame Clerophilus Alethes), b. in Lincoln- shire. 10 November, 1676 or 1678; d. 28 March, 1743. In 1695 he entered the Society of Jesus. For many years he served the Fitzherbert family at Swinnerton, where he is buried. Constable's chief controversial opponents were: the Abbe Courayer (1681-1776; Diet. Nat. Biog., XII, 328), who championed Anglican orders, came over to England in 1728, was lionized, and eventually buried in the cloisters of Westminster; and Charles Dodd vere Hugh Tootell, who wrote with a prejudice against Jesuits. The chief writings of Constable are: "Remarks upon Courayer's Book in Defence of English Ordinations, wherein their inva- lidity is fully proved", an answer to Courayer's "Dis- sertations" of 1723; "The Stratagem Discovered to show that Courayer writes 'Booty ', and is only a sham defender of these ordinations", by "Clerophilus Ale- thes", an answer to Courayer's "Defense"; "The Convocation Controvertist", by "Clerophilus Ale- thes" (Svo, 1729), against Rev. Joseph Trapp's "De-^ fence of the Church of England"; "Doctrine of I Antiquity concerning the Eucharist", by " Clerophilus j Alethes" (Svo, 1736); "Specimen of Amendments proposed to the Comjiiler of 'The Church History of England'", by "Clerophilus Alethes" (12mo, 1741); "Advice to the Author of 'The Church History of England'", MS. at Stonyhurst. Gillow enumerates a few other writings by Constable.

Oliver, Collectanea S. J., 73; Foley, Records S. J., Ill, 207; VII (i). 159; Sommervogel, Bibliothegue de la C. de J.^ II, col. 1374; (iiLLOw. Djc/. o/i'na- Ca(A., I, 552 sqq.; Cooper in Z>ici, Sat. Biog., XII, 36.

P.4.TRICK Ry.\N.

Constance (Lat. Cnmstantia, Ger. Konstanz or Constanz, Czechic name Kostnitz). formerly the seat of a diocese. Constance, a very ancient town sit- uated where the I{i\or Rhine flows out of the Bodensee (between the Boiiriiscc and the I'ntersce) in the .south- eastern part of the Grand Duchy of Baden, was origin- ally a village of lake-dwellers which under Roman rul< was fortified bj' Constantius Chlorus in ,304. Chris tianity seems to have been introduced into Constand and the ncighliouring countrj' by Roman legionaries ai early a.s the end of the second or the beginning of th< third centurj'. The episcopal .see was first at Vin^ floni.ssa, the present Windisch in the Canton of Aargai in Switzerland. It is not known when this see was erected. The first bishop of whom historj- has pre served any record is Bubulcus w-ho was present at tlu Burgundian Synod of Epaon in 517. (Mansi, Anipl