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 CLAYTON

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CLEEF

library at Vienna. Bjornbo's discovery is especially important as it is now certain that Claudius Cla\^ls was actually in Greenland and that he claims to have pushed his journey along the west coast as far as 70° 10 N. lat. Another fact that lends importance to this discovery is that an explanation has at last been found for the incomprehensible names on the old maps of Greenland. Local names in Greenland and Iceland, so entirely different from those that appear in the Icelandic sagas, for a long time served the defenders of the Zeni as an argument that the map of Greenland was the work of the elder Zeno. It is now clear from the list of names given by Clavus that the Icelandic names on the map are not the real designa- tions of the places, but merely the names of Runic characters. In the same manner, when he came to Greenland, Claudius Clavus used the successive words of the first stanza of an old Danish folk-song, the scene of which is laid in Greenland, to designate the headlands and rivers that seemed to him most worthy of note as he sailed from the north-east coast of Greenland around the southern end, and up the west coast. In the linguistic form of the words the dialect of the Island of Fimen is still evident. The discovery also makes clear how the younger Zeno was able to add to the forged story of a journey made in 1.5.58 a comparatively correct map of the northern countries, and how he came to make use of the lines beginning: — Thar boer eeynh manh ij eyn Groenerdandz aa" etc., which run in English:— -

There lives a man on Greenland's stream,

And Spieldebodh doth he be named;

More has he of white herrings

Than he has pork that is fat.

From the north ilrives the sand anew.

The second map of Clavus exercised a great in- fluence on the development of cartography. As Clavus in drawing his map of Xorth- Western Europe and Greenland made use of all the authorities to be had in his time, e. g. Ptolemy's portolanos (marine maps) and itineraries, so the map-makers of succeed- ing centuries adopted his map, either directly or indirectly: thus, in the fifteenth century, Donnus Nicholas Germanus and Henricus Martelius; in the sixteenth century, WaldseemuUer, Nicolo Zeno, Rus- celli, Moletius, Ramusio, Mercator, Ortelius; in the seventeenth century, Hondius, Blaeu, and others; in the eighteenth century, Homann and liis successors. It is evident that scarcely any other map has exerted so permanent an influence as the map of Greenland by Claudius Clavus, "the first cartographer of America".

Storm. Den dajiske Geograf Claudius Clavus eller Nicolaus Niger (Stockholm, 1891); Bjornbo and Petersen. Fyenboen Claudius Clausson Swart (Copenhagen. 1904); Fischer. Die kartographische Darsteliung der Enideckungen der Normannen in Amerika in Proceedings of the Internal. Amer. Congress of 190U (Stuttgart, 1906).

Joseph Fischer.

Clayton, J.\.\ies, priest, confessor of the faith, b. at Sheffield, England, date of birth not known; d. a prisoner in Derby gaol, 22 July, 158S. He was the son of a shoemaker, and, being apprenticed to a blacksmith for seven years, spent his leisure hours in educating himself, giving special attention to the study of Latin. His studies led him to embrace the Catholic religion, and he was sent to the English Col- lege at Reims (1582), where he was ordained priest in 1.585, and immediately returned to England to labour in his native county. Four years later, while vi.siting the Catholic prisoners in Derby gaol, he was apprehended and (■(indeiiincd to death" for exercising his priestly iillicc. His bi-dtliers pleaded for his par- don and lii.s execution was delayed, though he was still kept a prisoner. Prison life brought on a sick- ness of which he died.

Foley, Records S. J. (London, Roehampton, 1875^1879), III, 47, 230, 802; Douay Diaries, ed. Knox (London, 1878). 12, 29, 184, 186, 200, 205, 262, 296; Ely, Certain Brief Notes, etc. (Paris, 1603), 206.

G. E. Hind.

Clazomenae, a titular see of Asia Minor. The city had been first founded on the southern shore of the Ionian Sea (now Gulf of Smyrna), about 15 miles from Smyrna; it was one of the twelve cities of the Ionian Confederation, and reached the acme of its im- portance under the Lydian kings. After the death of Croesus its inhabitants, through fear of the Persians, took refuge on the island opposite their town (to-day St. John's Isle), which was joined to the mainland by Alexander the Great; the pier has been restored and is yet used as means of communication between the modern Vourla and the island, on which there is now an important quarantine hospital. Clazomenae is the birthplace of the philosophers Hermotimus and An- axagoras. The see was a suffragan of Ephesus. Le- quien (I. 729) mentions two bishops: Eusebius, pre- sent at Ephesus and Chalcedon, in 431 and 451; and Macarius, at the Eighth d^cumenical Council, in 869. When Smyrna was raised to the rank of a metropolis (perhaps as early as the sixth century) Clazomenae was attached to it, as is shown by Parthey's "Noti- tiae", 3 and 10. In 1387 it was given again to Ephe- sus by a synodal act of the patriarch Nilus (Miklosich and Muller, "Acta Patriarchatus Constantinopol. ", II, 103). After this date there is no apparent trace of its history; nothing remains of the city except the ancient pier.

Labahn. De rebus Clazomeniorum (1875); Smith. Diet, of Gr. and Rom. Geogr. (London, 1878), I, 631-32.

S. Petrides.

Clean and Unclean. — The distinction between legal or ceremonial, as opposed to moral, cleanness and uncleanness which stands out so prominently in the Mosaic legislation (q. v.).

Cleef, J.iN VAN, a Flemish painter, b. in Guelder- land in 1646; d. at Ghent, IS December, 1716. He was a pupil of Luigi Primo (Gentile) and Gaspard de Craeyer. When Craeyer died. Cleef was commissioned to complete his master's work in the churches and to finish the cartoons for the tapestry ordered by Louis XIV. The churches and convents in Flanders and Brabant are rich in his paintings.

He was a splendid draughtsman, a good colourist, celebrated for his management of drapery and for his charming portrayal of children's heads and the at- tractive faces of his women. In a school pre-eminent in portraiture Jan held a high place. He accom- plished a vast amount of work, all showing the influ- ence of his masters and tending more to Itahan than Flemish methods. His favourite subjects were Scrip- tural and religious, and his treatment of them was simple and broad. His masterpiece, " Nuns Giving Aid during the Plague", in the convent of the Black Nuns, at Ghent, rivals the work of Van Dyck.

For bibliography, see Cleef, Joost van.

Leigh Hunt.

Cleef, Joost v.\n (Josse v.\n Cleve), the "Mad- man", a Flemish painter, b. in Antwerp c. 1520; died c. 1556. He was one of twenty van Cleefs who painted in Antwerp, but whether the well-known Henry, Martin, and William (the younger) were kin of his cannot be detenuined. Of his father, William (the elder), we know only that he was a member of the Antwerp Academy, which body Joost joined. Joost was a brilliant and luminous colourist, rivaUing, in this respect, the Italians, whose methods he followed. Severity and hardness of outline some- what marred his otherwise fine draughtsmanship. Portraiture in the sixteenth century was represented by Joost van Cleef; and Kugler places him, artisti-