Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 4.djvu/30

 CLAUDIOPOLIS

CLAVIGERO

468 and 472, this work was destined to combat the ideas of Faustus, Bishop of Reii (Riez, in the depart- ment of Basses- Al pes), particularly liis thesis on the corporeity of the soul. Plato, whom he perhaps read in Greek, Porphyry, and especially Plotinus and St. Augustine furnished Claudianus with arguments. But his method was decidedly iieriiiatetic and fore- tokened Scholasticism. Even liis language had the same characteristics as that of some of the medieval philosophers: hence Claudianus used many abstract adverbs in ter (essenUaliter, accidenler, etc.; forty according to La Broise). On the other hand he re- vived obsolete words and, in a letter to Sapaudus of Vienne, a rlietorician, sanctioned the imitation of Nffivius, Plautus, Varro, and Gracchus. Undoubtedly his only acquaintance with these authors was through the quotations used by grammarians and the adoption of their style by Apuleius, whose works he eagerly studied. Of course this tendency to copy his pre- decessors led Claudianus to acquire an entirely arti- ficial mode of e.xiiression which Sidonius, in wishing to compliment, called a modern antique (Epist., IV, iii, .3). Besides the treatise and the letter to Sa- paudus, both of which are of value in the study of the progress of culture in Gaul, we have a letter from Claudianus to Sidonius Apollinaris, found among the letters of the latter (IV, ii). Some poetry has also been ascribed to him, although erroneously. For in- stance, he has been credited with the " Pange, lingua", which is by Venantius Fortunatus (Carm., 1 1, ii); "Contra vanos poetas ad collegam", a poem recom- menihng the choice of Christian subjects and written by Paulinus of Nola (Carm., xxii); two short Latin poems in honour of Christ, one by Claudius Claudianus (Birt ed., p. 330; Koch ed., p. 248) and the other by Merobaudus (Vollmer ed., p. 19), and two other Greek poems on the same subject, believed to be the work of Claudius Claudianus.

Two facts assign Claudianus Mamertus a place in the history of thought: he took part in the reaction against Semipelagianism, which took place in Gaul towards the close of the fifth century and he was the precursor of Scholasticism, forestalling the system of Roscellinus and Abelard. The logical method pursued by Claudianus commandeil the esteem and investigation of Berengarius of Tours, Nicholas of Clairvaux, secretary to St. Bernard, and Richard de Fournival.

Sidonius Apollinaris, Epislula, IV, iii. xi, V, ii; Gen- NADlus, De Viris illustrihus, 83; R. de la Broise, Mamerti Claudiani vita eiusque doctrina de animd hominis (Paris, 1S90): the best edition is by Engelbrecht in the Corpus scTiptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum of the Acailemy of Vienna (Vienna, 1887); for supplementary information cf. Chevalier, Reper- toire des sources hutoriques du rnoyen-dge, Bio-bibliographie (Paris, 1905), II. 2977.

Paul Lejay.

Claudiopolis, a titular see of Asia Minor. It was a city in Cilicia Tracheia or Byzantine Isauria. The old name is perhaps Kardabounda; under Claudius it became a Roman colony, Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Ninica Claudiopolis. None of its coins are known. It was situated at the lower end of the central Calycadnus valley, before the river enters the narrow gorge which conducts it to the coast lands. Leake (Journal of a Tour in Asia Minor, 107 sq.) has identified it with Mut, the chief village of a caza in the vilayet of Adana, a view which has since been confirmed by epigrajjliical evidence (Ilofiartli, Supplem. Papers, Royal Geogr. Society, 18'j:i, III, (If)!). It was a suffragan of Seleuceia. Only six bisliops are mentioned by Lequien (II, 1027); the first, /tMcsius, was i)re.sent at Nica^a in 325; the last, John, was jjresent at Constantinople in 533, and is probal)ly identical with the prelate who was a friend of Severus in r,m~l\ (Brooks, The Sixth Book of the Select Letters of .Severus, II, 4, 7, 11). In the tenth century Clauiliopolis is mentioned by

Constantine Porphyrogenitus (Them., xxxvi), as one of the ten cities of Isaurian Decapolis. It figures still in the "Notitiae episcopatuum" in the twelfth or thirteenth century. Mut has about 900 inhabi- tants, and exhibits vast ruins.

Ramsay, Asia Minor, passim; Ruge in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Bncyk.. Ill, 2662; Headlam, Ecd. Sites in Isauria, in Promotion of Hellenic Studies, Supplcni.

Papers, I, 22 sq.; Cuinkt, Turqu


 * d'Asie. II. 78.

S. Petrides.

Claudiopolis, a titidar see of Bithynia. in Asia Minor. Strabo (XII, 4, 7) mentions a town, Bithynium (Claudiopolis), celebrated for its pastures and cheese. According to Pausanias (VIII, 9) it was founded by Arcadians from Mantinea. As is shown by its coins, it was commonly called Claudiopolis after Claudius. It was the birthplace of Antinous, the favourite of Hadrian, who was very generous to the city; after- wards his name wa.s added to that of Claudius on the coins of the city. Theodosius II (408-50) made it the capital of a new province, formed at the e.xpense of Bithynia and Paphlagonia, and called by him Honorias in honour of the Emperor Honorius. Claudi- opolis was the religious metropolis of the province (so in all " NotitiiE episcopatuum "). Lequien (1, 567) mentions twenty titulars of the see to the thirteenth century; the first is St. Autonomus, said to have suf- fered martyrdom tmder Diocletian; we may add Ignatius, a friend and correspondent of Photius. The Turkish name for Claudiopolis is Bolou or Boli. It is now the chief town of a sanjak in the vilayet of Castamouni, with 10,000 inhabitants (700 Greeks, 400 Armenians, few CathoUcs). The town is on the Filias Sou (River Billaeus). There are no important ruins, but many ancient fragments of friezes, cornices, funeral cippi, and stelse.

Texier, Asie Mineure, 149; Perrot, Galatie et Bithynie, A2~ 45; Cuinet. Turguie d'Axie. IV, 508 sq.; Smith. Did. of Gr. and Rom, Geogr. (London, 1878), 3. v. Bithynium.

S. Petrides.

Claudius, Apollin.^^ris. See Apollinaris Clau- dius, Saint.

Clavigero, Franci.sco S.werio, b. at Vera Cruz, Mexico, 9 September, 1731; d. at Bologna, Italy, 2 AprO, 1787. At the age of seventeen he entered the Society of Jesus. Father Jos6 Rafael Campoi, S. J., at the College of St. Peter and St. Paul in Mexico, directed his attention to the valuable collec- tion of documents on Mexican history and antiqui- ties deposited there by Siguenza y Gongora, and he became an enthusiastic investigator in these fields. When the Jesuits were expelled from Mexico in 1767, Father Clavigero went to Bologna, where he founded a literary academy and pursued diligently his docu- mentarj' studies in Mexican aboriginal history. He compiled there his "Historia antica del Messico" (Cesena, 1780), in opposition to the works of De Pauw, Raynal, and Robertson. While the " Historia antica" is the principal work of Clavigero, he had already published in Mexico several writings of minor importance, .\fter his death there appeared "Storia della California", less appreciated but still not to be neglected by students.

The "Ancient Historj' of Mexico" made consider- able impression and met with great favour. Follow- ing the book of the Cavalu'rc Hoturini he included a list of sources, paying iiarticular attention to the In- dian pictographs, on tissue and other substances, form- ing part of the Boturini collection, and increasing the list by specimens then extant in various parts of Europe. The catalogue of Indian writers is also taken from Boturini, as Clavigero is careful to state. While materially enlarged since then and though much ad- ditional information has been gained, his catalogue alw.ays remains of value. Finally he added a history of the conquest of Mexico. While other Jesuit wri-