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CONCORDAT jected. (4) The Concordat with Sardinia, in 1817, be- tween Pope Pius VII and King Victor Emmanuel I. It reduced the number of bishoprics to three (Turin, Genoa, Vercelli), and contained regulations concerning the. establishment of seminaries and chapters, etc. (5) The Concordat with Prussia in 1821, concluded with the Holy See through Prince von Hardenberg, the chan- cellor. King Frederick William III on 23 August, 1821, recognized it as a law binding on Prussian Catho- lics. It contains the circumscription of the arch- bishoprics and bishopries, and regulations concerning the erection of dioceses and chapters, the qualities of candidates, the taxation of episcopal and archiepis- copal churches by the Apostolic Camera, etc.

(6) The Concordat of the Upper Rhine Provinces in 1821, consisting of a papal Bull issued by Pius VII and accepted by the King of Würtemberg, the Grand Duke of Baden, the Elector of Hesse, the Grand Duke of Hesse, the Duke of Nassau, the free city of Frank- fort, the Grand Duke of Mainz, the Dukes of Saxony and Oldenburg, the Prince of Waldeck, and the Hanse- atic cities, Bremen and Lilbeck. By this concordat the bishoprics were divided among the provinces as follows : Freiburg im Breisgau, the metropolis, was the see for Baden ; Rottenburg for Wiirtemberg; Mainz for Hesse- Darmstadt; Fulda for Kurhesse and Saxe- Weimar; Limburg for Nassau; and Frankfort. (7) The Con- cordat with Belgium in 1827. It extended the pro- visions of the Concordat of 1801 (q. v.) to Belgium. (8) The Concordat with the Upper Rhine Provinces in 1827 between Leo XII and the above-mentioned prov- inces. It contained agreements on the election of bishops, the processus injormativus, the holding of a second election when the first had not been canonical or the person elected had not the necessary qualities, the institution of chapters, the establishment of seminaries, etc. (9) The Concordat of Hanover, agreed upon between Pius VII and George IV, King of England and of Hanover, but published 26 August, 1824, by Leo XII in the Bull "Impen.sa Romanorum Pontificum sollicitudo". It contained decisions con- cerning the erection and support of the bishopric and chapter of Hildesheim, and the suspension of the state support of the Bishopric of Osnabrück. Both of these dioceses were placed directly under the Holy See; the concordat dealt also with the election and consecra- tion of the bishop, the processus informativus, the in- stitution of the cathedral chapter, and taxation by the Apostolic Camera.

(10) The Concordat of Oldenburg, arranged 5 Janu- ary, 1830, between the Prince-Bishop of Ermeland as executor of the papal Bull "De salute animarum"and von Brandenstein, the Minister of State. It dealt with the distribution of parishes, the founding of cer- tain canonries by the grand duke, and the establish- ment of a special ecclesiastical court in the Diocese of Munster. (11) A concordat with Austria, concluded 18 August, 1855, by Cardinal Viale Prela and the Prince-Bishop Joseph Othmar von Rauscher. It was ratified by the emperor 25 September and by the pope 3 November, but in 1870 was rejected by the Gov- ernment. (12) A concordat with Austria, 8 July, 1881, concerning the establi-shment of the hierarchy in Bosnia- Herzegovina. (13) A concordat with Russia, concluded 3 August, 1847, published by Pius IX on 3 July, 1848. It was concerned with the dioceses of Russia and Poland and the episcopal rights. (14) A con- cordat with Spain, 16 March, 1851, on the support of the Catholic religion, protection of episcopal rights, circum- scription of dioceses, abolishment of exempt dioceses, constitution of chapters, establishment of seminaries, the right of the monarch to appoint to ecclesiastical offices, and the right of the Church to acquire property. (15) A concordat with Spain. 25 November, 18,59, sup- plementarv to the Concnrdat of 1851. (16) Concor- dat with Switzerland, 26 March. 1828. The episcopal see was transferred from Basle to Soleure. (17) Concordat

with Switzerland, 7 November, 1845, relative to the Diocese of St. Gall. (18) Concordat with the Two Sicilies, 1834, between Pope Gregory XVI and King Ferdinand II, on the personal immunity of clerics. (19) Concordat with S,ardinia 1841, also on the im- munity of clerics. (20) Concordat with Tuscany, 1851, on ecclesiastical jurisdiction and the administra- tion of church property.

(21) Concordat with San Salvador, 22 April, 1862. Among other provisions, the Catholic religion was de- clared the State religion, but other cults permitted; education was placed under the supervision of the bish- ops; the censorship of books by the bishop was recog- nized and upheld by the State; unrestricted communi- cation with the pope was guaranteed to clergy and laity; tithes were abolished, the expenses of worship to be defrayed by the State; the president was given the right of patronage and of nominating to all bishoprics, and of appointing to six canonries ; new dioceses should be erected by the pope and new parishes by the bish- op. The bishop might introduce religious orders and communities; the vicar capitular should be chosen by the chapter according to the provisions of the Council of Trent; the ecclesiastical courts were recognized only for purely spiritual matters, temporal matters to be subject to the civil jurisdiction; the right to acquire and possess property was guaranteed to the Church; the confiscation of church property and the arbitrary union or suppression of benefices by the State was for- bidden ; the right to tax church property was ceded to the State; the prayer for the republic was granted, also the so-called privilegia castrensia. In matters not mentioned in the concordat the ordinary discipline of the Church should be observed. (22) The concordat with Guatemala, 7 Oct., 1852, that with Honduras, 22 April, 1862, that with Nicaragua, 2 November, 1861, were similar to the concordat with San Salvador. (23) Concord.at with Venezuela, 26 July, 1862. (24) Con- cordat with Ecuador, 29 May, 1851, similar to the Concordat with San Salvador. (25) Concordat with Hayti and the West Indies, 28 March, 1860. (26) Concordat with Colombia, 1887.

Renard in Dict, de theol. catholique, s. v.; Hergenhother in Kirchenlex., s. v. — For concordats with Spain: Hergen- hother, Spaniens Verhandlungen mit dem romschen Stuhle in Archiv f. katholischen Kirchnrecht, X. — For concordats with Central America: Sentis. Die Concordate des romischen Stuhles mit den Repulikin Centralanlndamerikas in Archiv f. katholischen Kirchenrecht, XII. 225; Nussi. Quinquaginta Convenliones de liebus Ecdesiasticis inter S. Sedem et Civilem Potestatem variis formis initae (Rome, 1S69); Idem. Conventiones. . . initae sub Pontifcatu. . . Leonis PP. XIII (Rome, 189.3).

Leo A. Kelly.

Concordat of 1801, The French. — This name is given to the convention of the 26th Messidor, year IX (July 16, 1802). whereby Pope Pius VII and Bona- parte. First Consul, re-established the Catholic Church in France. Bonaparte understood that the restoration of religious peace was above all things necessary for the peace of the country. The hostility of the Vendeans to the new state of affairs which re- sulted from the Revolution was due chiefly to the fact that their Catholic consciences were outraged by the Revolutionary laws. Of the 136 sees of ancient France a certain number had lost their titulars by death; the titulars of many others had been forced to emigrate. In Paris the Cathedral of Notre-Dame and the church of St-Sulpice were in the possession of "constitutional" clergy; Royer, a "constitutional" bishop, had taken the place of Mgr. de Juigné, the law- ful Archbishop of Paris, an émigré; even in the churches which the Catholics had recovered, the rites of the "Theophilanthropists" and those of the "Decadi"(see Theophilanthropism, Decadi) were also celebrated. The nation suffered from this religious anarchy, and the wishes of the people coincided with Bonaparte's projected policy to restore the Catholic Church and Catholic worship to their normal condition in France.

1. The First Advances. — On the 25th of June,