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 CONCANNEN 190

CONCILIATION

Concannen, Richard Luke. See New York, Archdiocese of.

Concelebration is the rite by which several priests say Mass together, all consecrating the same bread and wine. It was once common m both East and West. As late as the ninth century priests stood around their bishop and "consented to his sacrifice" (Corp. Jur. Can., Deer. Grat., Pars III, dist. I, cap. 59). The rite of Concelebration was modified at Rome (perhaps in the time of Pope Zephyrinus, 202-218) so that each priest should consecrate a separate host (the deacons holding these in patens or corporals); but they all con- secrated the same chalice ("Ordo Rom. I", 48; see also Duchesne, "Liber Pont.", I, 139 and 246). In the sixth century this rite was observed on all station days; by the eighth centiuy it remained only for the greatest feasts, Easter, Christmas, Whitsunday, and St. Peter ("Ordo Rom. I", 48; Duchesne, "Origines", 167). On other days the priests assisted but did not concelebrate. Innocent III (1198-1216) says that in his time the cardinals concelebrate with the pope on certain feasts (De Sacr. Altar. Myst. in Migne, P. L., CCXVII, IV, 25). Durandus, who denied the possi- bility of such a rite (Rationale Div. Off., IV, d. xiii, q. 3)is refuted by Cardinal Bona (Rer. Liturg., I, xviii, 9). St. Thomas defends its theological correctness (Summa Theol., HI, Q. Ix.xxii, a. 2). Concelebration is still common in all the Eastern Churches both Uniat and schismatic. In these, on any greater feast day, the bishop says the holy liturgy surrounded by his priests, who consecrate with him and receive Holy Communion from him, of course under both kinds. So also, at any time, if several priests wish to celebrate on the same day, they may do so together.

In the Latin Church the rite survives only at the ordi- nation of priests and bi-shops. The newly-ordained priests say the Offertory prayers and the whole Canon, including the words of consecration, aloud with the bishop, kneeling around him. The words of consecra- tion especially must be said "slowly and rather loud" and "at the same moment with the pontiff" (Pont. Rom., de Ord. Presb., rubric). They must say the words significative, that is with the intention of con- secrating (Benedict XIV, de SS. Missae Sacr., Ill, xvi, 6), and must be careful not to say them before, but exactly with, the bi.shop (op. cit., loc. cit., 7). They receive Holy Communion under one kind. The same rite is used at a bishop's consecration, except that in this ease the new bishop communicates with the consecrator under both kinds (Pont. Rom., de Cons. Electi in Episc, rubric in the text).

Benedict XIV, De SS. Missce Sacnficio. III. xvi; St. Thomas, Summa Theol, III, Q. Lxxxii, a. 2; Atchley. Ordo Romanus Primus (London, 1905), 113, 149, 158; Duchesne, Les origines du cuUe chrctien (2nd ed., Paris, 189S), 167, tr. Christian Worship (London. 1904).

Adrian Fortescue.

Concepcion, Diocese of (Sanctissim^ Concep- TiONis DE Chile), in the Republic of Chile, suffragan to Santiago de Chile. The diocese embraces the prov- inces of Aranco, Bio-Bio, Concepcion, Nuble, Maule, Linares, and Malleco, comprising an area of 27,901 square miles. The Bull of erection was issued by Pius IV, 22 May, 1563, since which time, with the ex- ception of the period between 1818-32 when the see was vacant, a bishop has always had his seat at Con- cepci6n. Among the institutions of the diocese may be mentioned an orphan asylum and a missionary college uniier the Capuchins.

In the diocese there are represented ten religious congregations of men and seven of women, among the latter the Sisters of Providence, Sisters of Mercy, Sis- ters of Christian Charity, who have a novitiate and college, Sisters of the Good Shepherd, and Sisters of the Sacred Heart; they number in all 393. The dio- cese has a Catholic population of 835,790, with 52

parishes, 190 priests, 91 secular and 99 regular, 135 churches and chapels. In addition to the college and seminary there are nine Catholic schools with an at- tendance of 2550 pupils. (See Chile.)

Battandier, Ann. pont. Cath. (Paris, 1908); Ann. Eccl. (Rome, 190S).

F. M. RUDQE

Conceptionists, a branch of the Order of Saint Clare, fdiuiilrd l)y Beatriz de Silva. Isabel, the daugh- ter of Edward, Kingof Portugal, having married John II (1406-1454) of Castile, took her kinswoman, Beat- riz de Silva, sister of James I, Count of Portalegre, with her. The beautiful Beatriz, however, aroused the suspicion and jealousy of the queen, and was im- prisoned. Escaping, she fled to the Sisters of St. Dominic at Toledo, where she lived about forty years. Her veneration for the Immaculate Conception of Mary inspired her to found, with twelve companions, a special order in honour of Mary's privilege. Queen Isabella gave her the castle of Galliana in 1484. The sisters followed the Cistercian rule, reciting the Office of the Blessed Virgin in addition. Beatriz died 1 Sept., 1490, at the age of sixty-six.

Through the influence of Ximenes de Cisneros, the famous Archbishop of Toledo, the Conceptionists were subordinated to the Franciscans, and in 1501 they adopted the rules of the Order of Saint Clare, modified with the authorization of Alexander VI. Julius II sanctioned them anew in 1506; Quinonez, pro\'incial of the Franciscans of Castile, and later general of the en- tire order, drew up their constitution in 1516. The second convent was founded at Torrigo, another at Madrid in 1512, and one at Assisi in the same year. Maria Theresa of Austria, daughter of Philip IV of Spain, summoned them to the Faubourg Saint-Germain at Paris, where the Sisters of Saint Clare adopted their rules, which were again modified by a Brief of Clement X. The Conceptionists wear a white habit and scapu- lar with a blue cloak, and an image of the Blessed Virgin on their habit. The celebrated Maria de Agreda (q. V ), author of "The Mystical City of God", was a Conceptionist. The Conceptionist congregation is at present spread widely throughout Spain and Bel- gium.

Helyot, Hist, des ordres monastiques, VII, 334-39; Wad- ding. Annates Min. (Rome, 1736), XV, 451, XVI; Heim- BUCHER, Die Orden wnd Kongregationen der kath. Kirche (Paderborn. 1907). II, 488 sqq.; Acta Ordinis Min. (1907). XVI. 347 sqq.; Hist, abrigie de I'ordre de Sle Claire d' Assise (Lyons and Paris, 1906), II, 259 sqq.

Michael Bihl.

Conceptualism. See Nominalism and Realism.

Conciliation, Industrial, is the discussion and adjustment of mutual differences by employers and employees or their representatives. Arbitration (q. V.) implies the submission of such differences to a body in which the authoritative decision is rendered by a disinterested person. In mediation a disinterested person strives either to bring the parties together for conciliation or to induce them to make such mutual concessions as will lead to an agreement. The term, " boards of conciliation", describes not merely commit- tees of employers and employees, but also those ap- pointed by the civil authority, and by private associa- tions. The two latter are primarily concerned with tlifi work of mediation.

In France conciliation has been practised since 1806 by the coriseils de pnuihomrncs, or committees of ex- perts. These are composed of equal numbers of em- ployers and employees, and are legally authorized to interpret existing labour contracts and adjust minor grievances, ^^'ithin this limited field they have been quite successful. Five-sixths of the strikes that were settled by the French Conciliation and Arbitration