Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 4.djvu/211

 OOMMUNICATIO

169

COMMUNION

eleven ecclesiastics: three Jesuits, four members of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, three secular priests, and one seminarist. All displayed heroic courage; the best known among them was Father Olivaint, rector of the Jesuit house of the Rue de SinTes, who thirsted for martjTdom. After a painful journey through the streets, which were filled with an infuriated rabble, the prisoners were driven into an enclosure, called the cite Vin- cennes, on the heights of Belleville. Here they were literally hacked to pieces by a crowd of men, women, and even children. There was no attempt to organize a regular execution like the one at La Roquette; the massacre lasted an hour, and most of the iiodies were disfigured beyond recognition. Only a few hours later the regular troops forced their way to La Ro- quette, delivered the prisoners that still remained there, and took possession of Belleville, the last stronghold of the Commune.

Dti Camp. Cnnvulsions de Pnri.i (Paris. 1883); Reynier. Fie du R. P. Caplur. fowlnleur ,1, fEcole d'Arcueil (Paris, 1875); DE PoNLEVov, Ac!rs dr la cnpttviti' et de la mart des RR. PP. Olivninl. Dimiulmn, Cauberl. Clirc, de Bengy (Paris, 1894); FouLON, Hist, de la vie et des a:uvres de MgT Darboy (Paris,

1889). Barbara de Courson.

Communicatio Idiomatum, a technical expression in the theology of the Incarnation. It means that the priipertie.s of the Divine Word can be ascribed to the man Christ, and that the properties of the man Christ can be predicated of the Word. The language of Scripture and of the Fathers shows that such a mutual interchange of predicates is legitimate; in this article its source and the rules determining its use will be briefly considered.

I. Source. — The source of the communicatio idio- matum is not to be sought in the close moral union between Christ and God as maintained by the Nesto- rians, nor in Christ's fullness of grace and supernatural gifts, nor, again, in the fact that the Word owns the human nature of Christ by right of creation. God the Father and the Holy Ghost have the same right and interest as the Son in all created things except in the human natiu-e of Jesus Christ. This the Son by Assumption has made His own in a way that it is not theirs, i. e. by the incommunicable property of per- sonal union. In Christ there is one person with two natures, the human and the Divine. In ordinary language all the properties of a subject are predicated of its person; consequently the properties of Christ's two natures must be predicated of His one person, since they have only one subject of predication. He Who is the Word of God on account of His eternal generation is also the subject of human properties; and He Who is the man Christ on account of having assumed human nature is the subject of Divine attributes. Christ is God; God is man.

II. Use. — The communicatio idiomatum is based on the oneness of person subsisting in the two natures of Jesus Christ. Hence it can be used as long as both the subject and the predicate of a sentence stand for the person of Jesus Christ, or present a common sul> ject of predication. For in this case we simply affirm that He Who svibsists in the Divine nature and pos- sesses certain Divine properties is the same as He Who subsists in the human nature and possesses certain human properties. The following considerations will show the application of this principle more in detail: —

(1) In general, concrete terms stand for the person: hence, statements interchanging the Divine and hu- man properties of (Jhrist are, generally speaking, cor- rect if both their subjects and predicates be concrete terms. We may safely say, " God is man ", though we must obser\'e certain cautions: (a) Tlie concrete human names of Christ desiribt^ His person according to His human nature. They |>nsuppose the Incarna- tion, and their application to Christ previoiLsly to the completion of the hypostatic union would involve the

Nestorian view that Christ's human nature had its own subsistence. Consequently, such expressions as man became God" are to be avoided, (b) Concrete terms used reduplicatively emphasize the nature rather than the person. The statement  God as God has suffered'' means that God according to His Divine nature has suffered: needless to say, such statements are false, (e) Certain expressions, though correct in themselves, are for extrinsic reasons, inadmissible; the st,atement "One of the Trinity was crucified" was misapplied in a Monophysite sense and was therefore forbidden by Pope Hormisdas; the .\rians misinter- preted the words "Christ is a creature"; both .Brians and Nestorians raLsused the expressions "Christ had a beginning" and "Christ is less than the Father" or •'less than God"; the Docetists abused the terms "incorporeal" and "impassible".

(2) Abstract terms generally stand for their re- spective nature. Now in Christ there are two natures. Hence statements interchanging the Divine and human properties of Christ are, generally speaking, incorrect if their subject and predicate, either one or both, be abstract terms. We cannot say, "the Divinity is mortal", or, "the humanity is increated". The following cautions, however, must be added: (a) Aside from the personal relations in God there is no real distinction admissible in Him. Hence ab- stract names and attributes of God, though standing formally for the Divine nature, imply really also the Divine persons. Absolutely speaking, we may re- place a concrete Divine name by its corresponding abstract one and still keep the communicatio idio- matum. Thus we may say, "Omnipotence was cruci- fied", in the sense that He Who is omnipotent (Omnipotence) is the same as He Who was crucified. But such expressions are liable to be misunderstood and great care must be exercised in their use. (b) There is less danger in the use of those abstract terms which express attributes appropriated to the Second Person of the Trinity. We may say, " Eternal Wis- dom became man", (c) There is no communicatio idiomatum between the two natures of Christ, or between the Word and the human nature as such or its parts. The fimdamcntal error of the Ubiquitists (q. v.) consists in predicating of the human nature or of humanity the properties of the Divine nature. We cannot say that "the Word is the humanity", and still less that "the Word is the soul" or "the body of Christ".

(3) In statements which interchange the Divine and the hvunan properties of Christ, care must be taken not to deny or destroy one of Christ's natures or its prop- erties. This is apt to be done: (a) In negative sen- tences: though it be true that Christ did not die according to His Divine nature, we cannot say, "Christ did not die", without impairing His human nature; (b) in exclusive sentences: if we say, "Christ is only God" or "Christ is only man", we destroy either His human or His Divine nature; (c) in the use of ambiguous terms: the .\rians, the Nestorians, and the .\doptionLsts misused the term "servant", infer- ring from the expression, "Christ is the servant of God", conclusions agreeing with their respective heresies. (For the use of the communicatio idioma- tum in a wider sense, i. e. as applied to the Body of Christ and the Sacramental Species, see Eucharist. See also Incarn.\tion; Jesus Chri.st.)

St. Thomas. Sumtnn Thi„l., III. Q. xvi; Iiiem. Led. ii in I Cor., ii: Petaviils. T)< Inamuitmnr, W. I.'» Ifi (especially for doctrine of the F'atlicr.;': W'll.lliJAt AVn S(\nni:ll. A Manual of Catholic Theolng,, ( I,.in<l.Mi, Isosi. II; Fii\NZEi.iN, De Verba Inmrnalo (Rome, LS.Sl I; PoEiLi:, Lehrbuch d. Dogmalik (Pader- born, 19031, II. A. J. Maas.

Communion, Hoi.v. See Holy Communion.

Communion-Antiphon. — The term Communion (('(immuitio) is used, not only for the reception of the Holy Eucharist, but also as a shortened form for the