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father of Rev. James Havens Richards, S. J., and William Richards.

In its early days the diocese was largely an agricul- tural district, the first settlers from Pennsylvania and Maryland being tillers of the soil. Later came the emigrants from Ireland and Germany, who were fol- lowed by priests of their native lands. At the present time mining and manufacturing have so far advanced as to predominate and control. Immigration has also added to the variety of races among the Catholic population; notably Poles, Hungarians, Greeks, Lith- uanians, and Slavs may be found among the mining population of the eastern and southern parts of the diocese: while Belgians are numerous among the work- men employed in the manufacture of glass, an indus- try that has risen of late years to prominence in Ohio, owing to the discovery of natural gas, which is an important feature in this business. The native- born descendants of the pioneer Catholics have taken a notable place in the walks of business and profes- sional life, especially in the larger centres of popula- tion. The bishop and a large number of the clergy are natives of the State. All this has worked a de- cided change in the attitude of non-Catholics towards the Church and their Catholic fellow-citizens.

Sylvester Horton Roseerans, the first bishop, died 21 October, 187S. He was succeeded by John .Am- brose Watterson, who was consecrated 8 August. 1S80, and died 17 April, 1899. The next bishop was Henry Moeller, consecrated 25 August, 1900, j.iro- nioted to the Arcliiepiscopal See of Areo]>olis and made Coadjutor to the Archbishop of Cincinnati, 27 April, 1903. The fourth bishop, James Joseph Hart- ley, was consecrated 25 February, 1904.

There are 142 jiriests — 105 secular and .37 regular — in the diocese, with 34 brothers and 450 sisters. The total population of the diocese is about 1,000,000; of tliis number 80,000 are Catholics. The parishes num- ber 75, with 45 parochial schools and 9361 pupils, 4520 boys and 4841 girls. There are two orphan a.sylums, with 460 orphans; a Convent of thcGood Shei> herd, with 207 inmates; four hospitals, treating 4000 patients annually; a preparatory seminary, with 22 students; a theological seminary, "The Pontifical

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College Josephinum of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith", with 161 students; a col- lege, with 100 students; and three academies, with 4.'iO pupils.

/[he Diocese ofCohimbus has given to the Church two bishops, Fit zgcrald of Lit tic Hock and (allagher of G.al- veston; whiU' flic names of Ilenni, Arclibisliop of Mil- waukee, Laniy, Arclil)i.shop of Santa Fe, Ue Goesbri- and, Bishop of Hurhngton, Vermont, may be found on the baptismal registers of the early mission churches

of the diocese. The State and nation also have re- ceived many a notable service, both in war and peace, from sons of the diocese. General Philip H. Sheridan was in his boyhood a resident of Somerset, Perry Co., the cradle of Catholicity in Ohio. General W. S. Roseerans, brother of the first bishop of the diocese, both converts, General Don Carlos Buell, Generals Hugh and Charles Ewing of the Ewing family of Lan-

caster; Frank Hurd, Constitutional lawyer, Rep- resentative in Congress, and free trade advocate, J. A. MacGahan, Bulgaria's liberator, whose remains were brought by the LTnited States Government from Constantinople to Perry County, are a few of the names on the diocesan roll of honour.

Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio (Cincinnati, Ohio, 1900): American Catholic Historical Researches (Philadelphia, July, 1896); files of Catholic Telegraph (Cincinnati), and Cath- olic Columbian (Columbus) -f/. S. Catholic Magazine (Balti- more, January, 1847), The Catholic Church in Ohio.

L. W. MtJLHANE.

Column, in architecture a round pillar, a cylindrical solid body, or a many-sided prism, the body of which is sometimes reeded or fluted, but practically cylin- drical in shape, and which supports another body in a vertical direction. A column has, as its most essen- tial portion, a long solid body, called the shaft, set vertically on a stylobate, or on a congeries of mould- ings which forms its base, the shaft being surmounted by a more or less bulky mass, which forms its capital. Columns are distinguished by the names of the styles of architecture to which they belong; thus there arc Hindu, Egyptian, Grecian. Roman, and Gothic col- umns. In classic architecture they are further dis- tinguished by the name of the order to which they belong, as Doric, Ionic, Composite, or Tuscan col- umns. They may also be characterized by some jieculiarity of position, of construction, of form, or of ornament, as attached, twisted, cabled, etc. Col- umns are either insulated or attached. They are said to be attached or engaged when they form part of a wall, projecting one-half or more, but not the whole, of their substance. Cabled or rudented columns are such as have their flutings filled with cables or astra- gals to about the third of the height. Carolitic col- umns have their shafts foliated. In the earliest col- umnar architecture, th.atof the Egj-ptians, and in the Greek Doric, there were no bases. Capitals, how- ever, are universal, but are mainly decorative in char- acter. In Grecian and Roman architecture the pro- portions are settled, and vary according to the order. The term is sometimes applii'd to the jiillars or piers in Norman and Gothic architecture. In modern visage the term is applied to supports of iron or wood.

Fi.F.TOHER, .4 Ilisloni of Architeclim. 690; Cwilt. Enci/c. of Architecture, 1261; Paiiker, Glossary of Architecture I, lOS; Weale, Diet, of Terms: Bond. Gothic Architecture in England, 233: Sturgib, Z)id. of Architecture anel Building (London. 1904).

Thomas H. Poole.