Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 4.djvu/167

 COLORADO

129

COLORADO

liere Calclias vied with Mopsiis in divinatory science, le cavalry of Colophon was renowned. It.s pine- ees supplied a rosin or coloiihony highly valued for e strings of nmsieal inslrumcnts. In Roman times )lophon lost its importance; the name was trans- rred to the site of Notiuni, and the latter name dis- )peared between the Pelo])onnosian War and the ne of Cicero. The "Notitia; cpiscopatuum" men- )ns Colophon or Colophone, as late as the twelfth or irteenth century, as a suffragan of Ephesus. Le- lien (I, 723) gives the names of only four bishops: . Sosthenes (I Cor., i, 1) and St. Tyehieus (Tit., iii, ) are merely legendary; Euthalius was present aX e Council of Ephesus in 4.31, and Alexander was ve in 451. The ruins of the city are at the Castro Ghiaour-Keui, an insignificant village in the vilayet Smyrna, caza of Koush-.\dasi.

Chandler. Travels in Asia Minor, XXXI: Ahrtjndel. ven Churches in Asia, 303; Texier. Asie Mineure. 356; iNTRiER, in Mus(Bon and Library of the Evangelical School at lyrna (Greek), III, 1S7: Schuchhardt, in Athen. MitteiL «6), 398.

S. Petrides.

Colorado, the thirty-fifth, in point of admission, of (• I'nited States of America. It lies between the til and 41st degrees of N. latitude and the 102nd and 'Jtli ilegrecs of W. longitude, tlie meridian lines iking its shape a parallelogram as exact as the eurva- re of the earth will allow, hen its original terri- rial limits were discussed was suggested that the ?st of the Rocky Moun- ins was a natural bound- y, and it was on the ply of Colonel William Ipin, who became iis St governor, that rail- ads and political unity d superseded natural undaries, that it was iced squarely across the .•ide and so has its moun- in centre with a slope to either ocean. After the iff-dwellers, its Indian tribes were the Utes and apahoes. It became part of French and Spanish nerica, and was covered by the Louisiana Pur- ase (1803), the Texas cession (1850), and the cession im Mexico by the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo US). Its area is 103,900 square miles. The third the State east of Denver is a part of the great uns, level and arid. The altitude at the base of the it« capitol is exactly one mile; going east, it falls about 4000 feet at the State line. Through the itre, north and south, runs the main Rocky Moun- n range containing the highest peaks of these )imtains, thirty-two of which exceed 14,000 feet and ?eral so nearly the same height that it is a matter dispute as to which is the highest, probably Mount issive, 14,498 feet. On their western slope they •m a plateau country. Between encircling ranges tes) at an altitude of about 9000 feet, which are table stock-raising lands. The Rio (irande, Arkan- i, and Platte Rivers all rise in this State, flowing jth and east, and the Great Colorado River flowing st has its headwaters here. The Grand Canon of n of the Gods, are the principal scenic attractions. Climate. — The climate is exceptionally dry, health- , and invigorating. The summers are cool and the nters moderate. There is an average of 181 clear ys out of 365. Manitou, Glenwood, and Sulphur rings are noted sanatoria. The annual rainfall is V, but so widely variant in localities that no intel- ible average can be stated. Extremes are 12 and inches.
 * natural parks (South, Middle. North, San Luis,
 * ' Arkansas, Mount of the Holy Cross, and the Gar-

IV.-9

Populntion. — By the census of 1900 the population was 5.39,700: whites, .529,046; negroes, 8,570; Indians, 1437; Chinesc,599. The estimate by the Slate Board of Health for 1906 was 615,570. The greatest num- berof immigrants arc from States on the same parallel. There are many native-born citizens of Spanish de- scent in the southern counties. Representatives from every country in Europe are included among the popu- lation, but none localized in colonies to any extent; 88 per cent of the population are native-born ; 4 per cent are illiterate. Denver, the State capital and largest city, has a population approximating 200,000. Pueblo, Colorado Springs, Leadville, Trinidad, and Greeley are the larger cities.

Resources. — Mining and agriculture are the princi- pal industries. The manufacture of steel has been started, and commerce is incident to all other indus- tries, but the mine and ranch are the exploited feat- ures of the commonwealth. In both gold and silver, Colorado is the largest producer of any of the States. In 1906, gold to the value of $23,506,069, and 13,.381,- 575 ounces of silver were mined. There was also a heavy production of lead, zinc, and iron. Coal under- lies a very large area, much larger than in Pennsyl- vania; the output for 1906 being 11,240,078 tons bi- tuminous and 68,343 tons anthracite. Cripple Creek, Ouray, and Leadville are the most active mining camps, but the mineral belt covers every mountain county from Routt in the north-west corner to the New Mexico line. The Georgetown district claims to produce the highest grade of silver ore mined in the United States.

The average wheat yield is about twenty-one bushels to the acre. East of the foothills is a deep loam overlying a gravel subsoil, and wherever water can be got the land is very productive. The western slope, including the valleys between the mountain ranges, has ;in even richer soil, especially adapted to fruit jiroduction. .Ml the grains and fruits of the tem- perate zcinc .ire i)roduced, but those crops which seem best adapted to local conditions are wheat, apples, potatoes, cantaloupes, and the sugar-beet. The value of the outp\it of agriculture, dairv, and poultry for 1906 was $72,600,000; fruit, .$7,000,000. Until re- cently no land not imder ditch was considered safe to farm, the annual rainfall not ensuring a crop. But such land is now cultivated under scientific methods called "dry farming", so that the value of this land in Eastern Colorado has doubled within the last three years. Nevertheless irrigation is the specific incident of Colorado farming. It has been studied to secure the most economic results, and ultimately no water will leave the State, all being caught and stored in reservoirs. In 1900 there were 7374 miles of main ditches covering by laterals 390 acres to the mile. The estimated value of the manufactures, outside of smelting, for 1906 is $15,000,000. Six railroad lines enter the State from the east and two cross its west- ern boundary. Every town of any size in the State has railroad connexion. The railway mileage in 1905 was 5081.

Edumtion. — Public education with compulsory at- tendance is provided for the whole State, with a high school in every large town. The university, located at Bouliicr, is supported by an annu.al two-fifths of a mill State ta.x which gives it an ample foundation. It gives law, medical, engineering, and academic courses. In 1906 it had 840 students, besides 525 in the prepar- atory school. There are also the University of Denver (Methodist), Colorado College at f'olorado Springs (secular), the Jesuit College of the Sacrcid Heart, and the I,oretto Heights Academy at Denver. The State Nonu:il .School is at Greeley. Other schools are the .\gri(iiltural College at Fort Collins and the School of Mines at (iolden, with special State institutions for the deaf and blind. The principal school .support comes from the ownership of the 16th and 36th sections of