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 COLONNA

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COLOPHON

iuxta orthodoxam S. P. Augustini doctrinam ab jEgi- dio Columna doctore fundatissimo expositam ..." (6 vols, fol., Naples and Rome, 1683-1696); this work was abridged by Anselm Horraannseder in his " He- catombe theologioa" (Presburg, 1737). Benignus Sichrowsky (d. 1737) wrote also " Philosophia vin- dicata ab erroribus pliilosophorum gentiliuni iuxta doctrinam S. Augustini et B. yEgidii ColumnEE " (Nuremberg, 1701).

OssiNGER. BM. Augusiiniana (Ingolstadt and Vienna, 1768); Denifle and Chatel.un, Chart. Univ. Parisiensis (Paris, 1889 — ), I, II, see Index: Feret, La faculte de tkeol. de Paris et ses doct. le^ plus celebres au moyen age (Paris, 1896), III, 459-475; HuRTER, Nomendator (3d ed., Innsbruck, 1906), II, 481-486 and passim for ^gidian School: L.\jard, Giltes de Rome in Hist. litt. de la France (Paris, 18SS1. XXX. 421-566; Mattioli, Studio critico sopra Egidio Roni.i - ■ f^' 'v, ,7 in Anlol-

offia Agostiniana (Rome, 1896), I; Sc / n.n Rom

(Stuttgart, 1902); Werner, Die Sc/io/<i' ' 1/ 1., Ill,

Der Auguslinismus des spat. M. A. (Vit-rid r 1 ^^ . ; ^i heeben in Kirchenlex., s. v. .See also Chevaliek. At p. de^ f<<jurces hist. (2d ed.. Paris, 1905), s. v. Gilles.

C. A. DUBR.W.

Colonna, Giovanni Paolo, b. at Bologna, 16.37; d. in the same city, 28 November, 1695. After study- ing under Agostino Fillipucci in his native city, An- tonio Abbatini and Oragio Benevoli in Rome, Colonna became organist at the church of S. Apollinaris in the latter city. In 1659 he accepted the post of choir- master at the church of S. Petronio in Bologna. He not only was a charter member of the Accademia Fil- armonica but founded a school of his own which has produced distinguished musicians, among them Gio- vanni Maria Buononcini. Colonna was one of the most noted church composers of the seventeenth cen- tury and has left a large number of works (masses, psalms, motets, litanies, antiphons, requiems, lamen- tations) for from one to eight voices with either organ or orchestra accompaniment. These comjiositions are but seldom performed at present, l^oth on account of their not having the form or the spirit of the great period of church music, the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and because of the elaborate apparatus required for their performance.

lllEMANN, Musik Lexikon: IN'i k-tt:--, U: !,.:^i ,,/ Music (New York, 1886); Kornmi:lij i h. '- h. s Lexi-

kon: WooiA>mDGB, The Oxford 11', W , < i i id, 1901- 05); Gaspkri, Dei miisicisli Bot" .', , l.>i..:'M.t, i^,-, SO). Jo.SEl'H ( ITTEN.

Colonna, Vittoria, Italian poet, b. at Marino, 1490; d. at Rome, February 25, 1547. She was the daughter of Fabrizio Colonna, lord of various Roman fiefs and grand constable of Naples. Her mother, Agnese da Montefeltro, was a daughter of Federigo da Montefeltro, first Duke of Urbino. In 1509 Vitto- ria was married to Ferrante Francesco d'Avalos, Marquis of Pescara, a Neapolitan nobleman of Span- ish origin, who was one of the chief generals of the Emperor Charles V. Pescara's military career culmi- nated in the victory of Pa via (24 February, 1525), after which he became involved in Morone's conspir- acy for the liberation of Italy, and was tempted from his allegiance to the emperor by the offer of the crown of Naples. Vittoria earnestly dissuaded him from this scheme, declaring (as her cousin. Cardinal Pom- pco Colonna, tells us) that she "preferred to die the wife of a most brave marquis and a most upright gen- eral, than to live the consort of a king dishonoured with any stain of infamy". Pescara died in the fol- lowing November, leaving his young heir and cousin, Alfonso d'Avalos, Marchese del Vasto, imder Vitto- ria's care.

Vittoria henceforth devoted herself entirely to religion and literature. We find her usually in vari- ous monasteries, at Rome, Viterbo, and elsewhere, living in conventual simplicity, the centre of all that was noblest in the intellectu.al and .spiritual life of the times. She had a pecuhar genius for friendship, and the wonderful spiritvial tie that united her to Michel- angelo Buonarroti made the romance of that great

artist's life. Pietro Bembo, the literary dictator of the age, was among her most fervent admirers. She was closely in touch with Ghiberti, Contarini, Gio- vamii Morone, and all that group of men and women who were working for the reformation of the C'hurch from within. For a while she had been drawn into the controversy concerning justifi- cation by faith, but was kept within t!ir limits of orthodoxy by the influence of the beloved friend of her last years. Cardinal Reginald Pole, to whom she declared she owed her salvation. Her last wish was to be buried among the nuns of S. Anna de' Funari at Rome ; but it is doubtful whether her body ultimately rested

(Col

there, or was removed to the side of her husband at San Domenico in Naples.

Vittoria is undoubtedly greater as a personality than as a poet. Her earlier "Rime", which are mainly devoted to the glorification of her husband, are somewhat monotonous. Her later sonnets are almost exclusively religious, and strike a deeper note. A longer poem in terza-rima, the "Trionfo di Cristo", shows the influence of Dante and Savonarola, as well as that of Petrarch. Her latest and best biographer, Mrs. Jerrold, to whom we are indebted for a number of beautiful and faithful translations of Vittoria's poetry, has drawn a suggestive analogy between it and the work of Christina Rossetti. Many of Vitto- ria's letters, and a prose meditation upon the Passion of Christ, have also been preserved.

ViscoNTi, Rime di Vittoria Colonna (Rome, 1840); Liizio. Vittoria Colonna (Mantua, 1884); Ferrero and Mi ller, Cart- eggio di Vittoria Colonna, Marchesa di Pescara (Florence, 1892); Reumont, tr. by MC'ller and Ferrero, Vittoria Colonna, Vita, Fede, e Poesia nel secolo decimosesto (Turin, 1892); Tordi, Vittoria Colonna in Orvieto (Perugia, 1895); Jerrold. Vittoria Colonna, with some account of her Friends and her Times (Lon- don and New York, 1906).

Edmund G. Gardner.

Colonnade, a number of columns symmetrically arranged in one or more rows. It is termed mono- style when of one row, polystyle when of many. If surrounding a building or court, it is called a peri- style; when projecting beyond the line of the build- ing a portico. Sometimes it supports a building, sometimes a roof only. For ecclesiastical architec- ture the most famous specimen is the colonnade of St. Peter's, erected 1665-67 by Bernini, with 284 columns and 162 statues of saints on balustrades (see The Catholic Encyclopedia, II, s. v. Bernini).

Anderson and Spiers, The Architecture of Greece and Rome (London, 1903) ; Gwilt, Encyclopcedia of Architecture (London. ISSl).

Thomas H. Poole.

Colophon, a titular see of Asia Minor. It was one of the twelve Ionian cities, between Lebedos (ruins near llyp.-^ili-Ilis.-iar) and Ephesus (.\ya-Solouk). In Greek aniiiiuify two sons of Codrus, King of Athens, establislied a colony there. It was the birthplace of the philoso))her Xenophanes and the poet Minmer- mus. It was destroyed by Lysimaclius, one of the successors of Alexander. Notium ser\'ed as the port , and in the neighbourhood was the village of Clarus, with its famous temple and oracle of Apollo Clarius.