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COLOGNE with 83 students (1906-07), the Collegium Albertinum at Bonn (175 students), the Collegium Leoninum at Bonn (104 students), the archiepiscopal seminaries for boys at Neuss, Munstereifel, Rheinbach, and Opladen, 4 high schools and boarding-colleges for boys, and 26 boarding-schools for girls (the latter conducted by female orders). For the higher education of the clergy there is the Catholic faculty of theology at the University of Bonn, with 14 ecclesiastical professors, in addition to the (Cologne) seminary for priests already mentioned. Ecclesiastical teachers are also employed at 102 secondary schools (gymnasia, technical gymnasia, high schools, academics, and Latin schools, etc.), and 5 Catholic teachers' seminaries, at 42 Catholic girls' high schools and 5 Catholic training schools for women teachers. The total attendance at all the intermediate and higher schools of the archdiocese averages about 17,400 Catholic boys and 11,700 Catholic girls. The attendance at the primary schools (Volksschulen) is 428,000 children in 11,560 classes. (For the educational relations between the Church and the State see .)

The religious orders of men in the archdiocese have 42 establishments with about 1100 members, and the orders and congregations of women have 401 with 6200 sisters, there being in the cathedral city alone 43 religious houses with 1140 inmates. The following orders or congregations are represented: Benedictines (1 establishment), Dominicans (2), Franciscans (9). Camillians (1), Capuchins (2), Carthusians (1), Redemptorists (2), Trappists (1), Fathers of the Holy Ghost and Immaculate Heart of Mary (2), Alexian Brothers (9), Brothers of Charity (6), Brothers of Saint Francis (6), Benedictine Sisters of Perpetual Adoration (3), Borromean Sisters (18), Cellites (86), Sisters of Christ (4), Congregation of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Saint Peter Fourier (1), Handmaids of Christ (69), Sisters of Saint Dominic (10),Order of Saint Elizabeth (35), Sisters of Saint Francis (96), Ladies of the Good Shepherd (3), Sisters of the Holy Child Jesus (10), Carmelite Sisters (3), Daughters of the Holy Cross (15). Sisters of Christian Charity (4), Penitent Recollects (1), School Sisters of Notre Dame (2), Ursulines (9), Sisters of Saint Vincent (31). The orders of men are devoted partly to pastoral and mission work, partly to charitable work; the orders of women devote themselves almost entirely either to educational work (instruction and care of young girls in various es- tablishments, sewing schools, girls' high schools, and boarding-schools) or to charitable work in refuges, working-women's homes, servant-girls' homes, the care of the sick in hospitals, hospices, etc.

It is impossible to mention here all the numerous charities and organizations found within the limits of the archdiocese; complete statistics are given in M. Brandt's book, "Die katholischen Wohlthätig- keits-Anstalten und Vereine sowie das katholisch- sociale Vereinswesen insbesondere in der Erzdiöcese Koln” (Cologne, 1896). In the cathedral city alone there are more than 400 religious societies and brother- hoods. The most important of the organizations and charitable institutions in the archdiocese which are not limited to a single parish are as follows: 182 con- gregations and 71 societies for young men, 160 Catho- lie working-men's clubs, 74 Catholic journeymen's as- sociations (Gesellenvereine), 26 miners' associations, 29 congregations and societies of merchants, 10 socic- ties for women employed in stores, 55 homes and schools for working-women, 22 homes for the insane and idiots, 10 homes for servant girls. 9 refuges for fallen women, 90 orphanages; also the Elizabeth socie- ties and 225 conferences of the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul, the Saint Regis societies, and others.

The most important churches are the enthedral (Dom) of Cologne (see above), the cathedral of Aachen (q. v.), the churches at Cologne mentioned above, the cathedral churches at Bonn and Essen, the church of Saint Quirinus in Neuss, the churches of the former Abbots of Werden, Knechtsteden, Cornelimünster, and Steinfeld, the double church in Schwarz-Rhein- dorf, etc.

A complete bibliography of the city by KRUDEWIG is given in Die Kunstdenkmaler der Stadt Koln (Dusseldorf, 1906), I, Pt. I. The most important works are: BIANCO, Die alle Universität Kaln (Cologne, 1855), I; KEUSSEN, Die Matrikel der Universtat Koln (Bonn, 18921; ENNEN, Frankreich und der Niederrhein oder Geschichte von Stadt und Kurstaat Koln seit dem 30 jährigen Kriege (2 vols., Cologne, 1855-56); IDEM. Geschichte der Stadt Koln (5 vols., Cologne and Neuss, 1863-80); Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Keln, ed. hy ENNEN AND ECKERTZ (6 Chroniken der deutschen Stadte, vols., Cologne, 1860-79); vols. XII-XIV (Leipzig, 1875-77); Mitteilungen aus dem Stadt- archie von Koln (32 vols., Cologne, 1883-1904); Kolner Schreinsurkunden des 12. Jahrhunderts, ed. by HOENIGER (2 vols., Bonn, 1884-94); HOHLBAUM-LAU, Das Buch Weinsberg, Kolner Denkwurdigkeiten aus dem 16. Jahrhundert (4 vols., Leipzig and Bonn, 1886-98); Koln und seine Bauten (Cologne, 1888); MOHR, Die Kirchen von Koln (Berlin, 1889); KORTH. Koln im Mittelalter (Cologne, 1891), good bibliography; STEIN, Akten zur Geschichte der Verfassung und Verwaltung der Stadt Koln im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert (2 vols., Bonn, 1893-95); MERLO, Kolnische Kunstler in alter und neuer Zeit (Dusseldorf, 1895); SCHEIBLER AND ALDENHOVEN, Geschichte der Kolner Malerschule (2 vols., with 100 photogravures, Lübeck, 1891-96); KNIPPING, Die Kilner Stadtrechnungen des Mittelalters (2 vols., Bonn, 1897-98); LAU. Die Entwicklung der kommunalen Verfassung und Verwaltung der Stadt Köln bis zum Jahre 1896 (Bonn, 1898); HELMKEN, Koln und seine Sehenswürdigkeiten (20th ed., Cologne, 1903); H. v. LOESCH, Kolner Zunfturkunden (2 vols., Bonn, 1905); KEUSSEN, Historische Topographie der Stadt Koln im Mittelalter (Bonn, 1906); STEFFENS, Kolner Kirchenkalender für das Jahr 1907 (Cologne, 1907). For the cathedral consult: BOISSERÉF, Geschichte und Beschreibung des Doms zu Koln (2nd ed., Munich, 1842); Bock, Der Kunst- und Reliquienschatz des zu Koln (150 tables, with text by ENNEN, Cologne, 1868-76); Kolner Doms (Cologne and Neuss, 1870); SCHMITZ, Der Dom WIFTHASE, Der Dom zu Kiln (40 plates with text, Frankfort, 1884-1889); HELMKEN, Der Dom zu Koln (4th ed., Cologne, 1899): LINDNER, Der Dom zu Koln (plates, Haarlem, 1904). The older sources and works that treat of the Archdiocese of Cologne are given by WALTER in Das alte Erzstift und die Reichsstadt Culn (Bonn, 1866), 3-18. Full bibliographical references, especially for the individual archbishops, are found also the list of the assistant bishops, general vicars, and nuncios in the Handbuch der Erzdiocese Coln (19th ed., Cologne, 1905), of Cologne. The most important works of reference are: BINTERIM AND MOOREN, Die alte und neue Erzdiocese Koln (4 vols., Mainz, 1828-30; 2d ed. in 2 vols., Dusseldorf, 1892-93); LACOM BLET, Urkundenbuch für die Geschichte des Niederrheins (4 vols., Dusseldorf, 1840-58); LACOMBLET, Archiv für die Geschichte des Niederrheins (7 vols., Dusseldorf, 1832-70); SFIBERTZ, Urkundenbuch zur Landes- und Rechtsgeschichte des Herzogtums Westfalen (3 vols., Arnsberg. 1839-54; MERING AND REISCHERT. Die Bischofe und Erzbischofe von Koln (2 vols., Cologne, 1842-44); BINTERIM, Die geistlichen Gerichte in der Erz- diocese Koln (Dusseldorf, 1849); ENNEN, Geschichte der Reforma- tion im Bereiche der alten Erzdiocese Koln (Cologne. 1849); KAMPFSCHULTE, Kirchlich-politische Statistik des vormals zur Erzdiocese Koln gehorigen Westfalen (Lippstadt, 1869); PODLECH, Geschichte der Erzdiocese Koln (Mainz, 1879); DUMONT, De- scriptio Archidiacesis Coloniensis (Cologne, 1879); IDEM, Geschichte der Pfarreien der Erzdiocese Koln (Cologne, 1883- 1900), I-X; LEY, Die kolnische Kirchengeschichte im Anschluss an die Geschichte der kolnischen Bischofe und Erzbischofe (Col- gone, 1883); Geschichtlicher Allas der Rheinprovinz (Bonn, 1894-1901; KLEINERMANNS, Die Heiligen auf dem bischoflichen bzw. erzbischoflichen Stuhle von Koln (Cologne, 1895), 1; JAN- SEN, Die Herzogsgewalt der Erzbischofe von Koln in Westfalen (Munich, 1895); KNIEPING, Die Regesten der Erzbischofe von Koln im Mittelalter (vol. II., Bonn, 1900; vol. III in press, 1907); SAUER- LAND, Urkunden und Regesten zur Geschichte der Rheinlande aus dem vatikanischen Archir (vol. I-III., Bonn, 1902-05; vol. IV in press, 1907); KORTH, Die Patrocinien der Kirchen und Kapellen im Erzbistum Koln (Düsseldorf, 1904); Kunstdenkmäler der Rhein- provinz (Düsseldorf, 1891-); Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler von Westfalen (Paderborn, 1893); WOLF, Aus Kurk In im 16. Jahrhundert (Berlin, 1906); EWALD, Die Siegel der Erzbischofe von Koln 948-1795 (Bonn, 1906); Westfälisches Urkundenbuch, vol. VII, Die Urkunden des kölnischen Westfalen vom Jahre 1200- 1800 (Munster, 18--1907). For the Reformation period see: DROUVEN, Die Reformation in der kolnischen Kirchenprovinz zur Zeit Hermanns V. von Wied (Bonn, 1876); LOSSEN, Der kolnische Krieg (I, Gotha, 1882; II. Munich, 1897), also Nuntiaturberichte aus Deutschland (Pt. I, Paderborn. 1895 and 1899; Pt. III, vols. I and II, Berlin, 1892 and 1894). The most important periodicals are: Annalen des historischen Vereins für den Niederrhein ins besondere die alte Erzdiocese Koln (at present 83 vols., Cologne, 1855 ). Jahrbücher des Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinland (Bonn, 1842-); Westdeutsche Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kunst (Trier, 1882-), with supplementary volumes. 1em

—Though famous all through the Middle Ages for its cathedral and cloister