Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 4.djvu/152

 COLOGNE

lis

COLOGNE

not inherit the ducal rank, they retained a consider- able territory (the Kdliiyati, or district of Cologne), in time increased by the family possessions and acquisi- tions of many archbishops. Saint Heribert (999-1021) was very active in promoting the welfare of his dio- cese, was made chancellor for Italy by Otto III, and aided Henry II at the time of his expedition to Rome in 1004. Piligrini {1021-.36), who accompanied Henry II and Conrad II on their expeditions to Italy, obtained for himself and for his successors the office of imperial chancellor for Italy. Hermann II (1036-56) was followed by Saint Anno II, who did much for the authority and honour of the See of Cologne; at the same time he was the first archbishop to come into open conflict with the city, now rapidly growing in numbers and wealth.

As princes of the German Empire, the archbishops were very frequently involved in dissensions between popes and emperors, often to the injury of their Church, since they were frequently in opposition to the pope. Frederick I (1100-31) was the last Arch- bishop of Cologne to be invested with the episcopal ring and crosier: in 1111, during the three-days' fight in tlie streets of Rome, he saved the Emperor Henry

V from defeat, after his imprisonment of Pope Pas- chal II, but in 1 1 14 abandoned the imperial party. His successor, Bruno II (1132-37), was again imperial chancellor for Italy, which office, after the incumbency of Arnold II of Wied (1151-56), was permanently at^ tached to the Archbishopric of Cologne. Rainald of Dassel (1159-67), the chancellor of Frederick Bar- barossa, and Philip I of Heinsberg (1107-91) increased the prestige of the see; the latter prelate, after the fall of Henry the Lion, obtained as a fief for himself and his successors the western part of the Duchy of Saxony, under the title of Duke of Westphalia and Engem. One of the most energetic archbishops in the following years was Saint Engelbert (q. v.). In his short reign (1216-21) he furthered the moral and religious life by several synods, and by the favour he showed the new orders of Franciscans and Domini- cans; he also restored order within the limits of his see, and successfully opposed the continued efforts for civic independence. The long political conflict be- tween the archbishops and the city, during which Conrad of Hostaden ( 1 238-6 1 ) and Engelbert II of Falk- enburg(1261-74) made many concessions, was finally, as above stated, settled in favour of the city, under Sieg- fried of Westerburg (1274-97). The reconciliation of the archbishops with the city effected by Wikbold of Holte (1297-1304) brought with it increasing influence in the affairs of the German Empire. To the injurj' of his see, Henry II of Virneburg (1304-32) allied himself with Frederick the Handsome, while Walram of Jiilich (1332-49) obtained many privileges from the Em- peror Charles IV, whom he had raised to the imperial dignity against Louis of Bavaria. In his time the Black Death spread over Germany and entailed great misery. In 1356, under William of Gennep (1349- 62), the dignity of imperial elector, recognized since about the middle of the thirteenth century as belong- ing to the archiepiscopal office, was formally acknowl- edged by the Golden Bull. Kuno of Falkenstein (1306-71), also Archbishop of Trier, added (1370) to the temporalities of the see the County of Arnsberg. After his r(signation he was succeeded by Frederick III of Saarwerden (1370-1414), who adhered to LTrban

VI on the occasion of the Western Schism; after I'r- baii's death he followed a vacillating policy. His suc- cessor, Dietrich II of Mors (1414-63), sought to make ('ologne the strongest territorial power in Western Germany, but he wa.s unfortunate in his political en- terprises, and brought a heavT- burden of debt on his see. Under him the city of Soest was lost to Cologne. After his di^ath, and before the appointment of a new archbishop, the cathedral chanter, the nobility (liU- Urschajt), and the cities of the archiepiscopal state

{Erzstijf) concluded an agreement (Erblandsvereini- gung) with regard to the archbishop's hereditary lands, whereby the prelate's rights as temporal lord were considerably limited in the archiepiscopal State, whose territory, it must be remembered, did not coincide with the ecclesiastical limits of the archdiocese. This agreement was henceforth sworn to by each arch- bishop at his election. Ruprecht von der Pfalz (1463- 80) squandered the revenues of the see, sought by force to gain control of the cities and castles previ- ously mortgaged, and thereby entered into conflicts with the holders of the mortgages. Violence, arson, and devastation visited the diocese in consequence. In 1478 Ruprecht was captured and remained a pris- oner until liis death. His successor, Hermann IV of Hesse, devoted his energj- to the restoration of order, paid a part of the public debt, and, by the diocesan synod of 1483, whose decrees he vigorously enforced, furthered the intellectual and moral elevation of clergj' and people. Philip II of Daun (1508-15) walked in the footsteps of his predecessor.

The government of Hermann V of Wied (1515-47) brought trouble and disaster on his see. At the Diet of '\^'orms he at first opposed tlie religious doctrines of Luther. He urged the banning of the Reformer and held a provincial synod in 1536; gradually, how- ever, he turned away from the Catholic Faith, chose adherents of Luther for his counsellors, and allowed the new doctrines to be preached in his diocese. ^Vhen he openly favoured the spread of Protestant- ism, he was suspended in 1546, and forced to resign (1547). By the advice of excellent men, such as Cropper, Billick, and others, Adolph III of Schauen- burg ( 1546-56) took strong measures against the prea- chers brought in by Hermann, and published vigorous decrees against immoral priests. His brother An- ton (1556-58) followed a similar course. Under Johann Gebhard of Mansfeld (1558-02) Utrecht (q. V.) ceased to be a suffragan of Cologne, and the Dean- ery of Zyfliich was incorporated with the newly founded See of Roermond. After the brief reign of Frederick IV of Wied (1562-67) and that of the vig- orousSalentinof Isenburg(1567-77), who resigned be- cause he did not wish to take priest's orders, Gebhard II Truchsess of Waldburg (q . v. ). succeeded to the office. He followed the evil course of Hermann of Wied. At first loyal to the Church, be became a Calvinisi in 1582, owing to his passion for Agnes von Mansfeld, and sought to Protestantize the see in 1583; he was put imder the ban of the empire and deposed, and Duke Ernest of Bavaria chosen as his successor. With Protestant aid Gebhard sought to keep posses- sion of his diocese. But the War of Cologne (Kot- nischer Krieg), which lasted five years, and brought untold misery on the land, ended in victory for the Catholic party. These attempts of Hermann of Wied and Gebhard to alienate the archdiocese from the Catholic Faith led to the establishment of a per- manent papal nunciature in Cologne which existed from 1584 to the extinction of the archiepiscopal State at the end of the eighteenth century (see Nuncio; Secul.\riz.\tion).

Ernest of Bavaria (1583-1612) was the first of the five princes of the house of Wittelsbach who held the Electorate of Cologne until 1761. Ferdinand of Ba- varia (1612-50), Maximilian Henrj' (1650-SS), Joseph Clemens (1688-1723), and Clemens Augustus I (1727- 61) succeeded him. Following the tradition of their princely house, these five archbishops were intensely loyal to the Church, and upheld Catholicism in the archdiocese, which, however, had lost 122 parishes in consequence of the Reformation. However, in conse- quence of the repeated imion of several bishoprics in the hands of these Bavarian prelates, the political ad- ministration of the territory was held to be of primary, its religious govermnent of secondary, importance. Moreover, the foreign policy of these five Bavarian