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COLBERT

mon life while pursiung their studies at the university. New reforms were inaugurated in 1770, when (23 December) King Jose I. on the initiative of the Marquis de Porabal. appointed a commission to con- sider the reorganization of the university. The commission ath'ised the creation of two new faculties, mathematics and natural pliilosophy, lea\'ing intact the older faculties of theology, canon law, civil law, and medicine. New professors were brought from Italy, Miehele Franzini for mathematics, and Domen- ieo Vandelli for natural liistory. The former Jesuit college, confiscated at the time of the expulsion of the Society from Portugal, was turned over to the faculty of medicine for its clinics and laboratories. The

deeply religious, but his religion was tinctured with the evils of the day, Gallicanism and Jansenism. It was Colbert who suggested to Louis XIV the conven- ing of the famous Assembly of the Clergy in 1682 which formulated the four propositions of Gallican- ism. In the conflicts which arose between the court of France and Rome Colbert used his influence against Rome. Protestants looked to him as to their protec- tor. The Jansenist De Bourseys was his evil genius as well as his informant on religious questions. In- fluenced by De Bourseys, he failed to see the real dan- ger of Jansenism, and by treating it with levity, gave it encouragement. The Colbert family gave to the Church a number of nuns and ecclesiastics. Charles

laboratories for physics, chemistry, and natural liis- tory were also located there; finally a botanical gar- den was added. At the end of the eighteenth century metallurgy was taught by Jose Bonifacio de Andrade, and hydraulics by Manoel Pedro de Mello, both scholars of repute. In 1907 the University of Coim- bra had five faculties, theology, law, medicine, mathe- matics, and philosophy. Its professors numbered (1905-06) 68, and its students 2916. The library now contains about 100,000 volumes. (See Conim-

BRICKNSES.)

Uenitle, Die Enlstehung der Universitalen des MiUdalters bui llm (Berlia. 1885), 519-534; Visconde de Vill.4-Major, bsposu;ao succmta da organisafao actual da Universidade de Cptmbra. etc. (Coimbra, 1878); Braoa, Hisioria da Univer- sidade deCotmbra (Lisbon, 1892-1902). I-IV; Minerva, Jahr- buch der getehrten Welt (Strasburg, 1907).

Eduaudo de Hinojos.4.

Cola di Rienzi. See Rienzi.

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, Marquis de Seignelay, statesnuin, b. at Reims, France, 1619; d. at Paris, 1683. Noticed by Mazarin and recommended by him to Louis XIV he became at Uk hitter's death, con- troller of finances. Through the control of finances he organized nearly ev(-ry public service in France. Of him. Mine, de S<H'igni5 said: "M. de Colbert thinks of finances only and never of religion." This should not, however, be taken too literally. Colbert was

Gerinsays: "His sisters controlled the great abbeys of Sainte-Marie de Chaillot, of Sainte-Claire de Reims and of the LeLys near Melun. One of his brothers (Nicolas, 1627-1676) Bishop of Lugon and afterwards of Auxerre, having died, he caused to be appointed in his place his cousin Andre (1647-1702) who was a member of the assembly of 1682, with another of his cousins, Colbert de St. Pouange, Bishop of Montau- ban. " This passage omits the following three best known kinsmen of the great Colbert.

II. — J.\CQUES-NlCOLAS COLBERT (1655-1707).

Archbishop of Rouen. Fisquet (La France pontifi- cale, Rouen, p. 253) describes him as a wortliy anil learned prelate giving his principal care to the training of his clerics. C. Gerin (loc. cit., p. 188), however, re- proaches him for being worldly, a spendtlirift, and, in spite of his pompous declarations of orthodo.xy, no less sympathetic to Jansenism than his cousin, the Bishop of Montepellier.

III. — Charles-Joachim Colbert (1667-1738), Bishop of Montepellier, and a militant Jansenist. He first api^eared to submit to the Bull " Vineam Dom- ini" of Innocent XI, 1705, but when Clement XI issued the Bull "Ihiigenitus", 1713, he openly sided with the appellants Soaneii of .'^eiirz, de la Broue of Mirepoi.x, and Langle of Bouloi^ne. The works pub- lished under his name (Mont('p(lli(-r, 17-10) are prob-