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 ClTEAUX

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CfTEAUX

delay. There arts many requisites for a legitimate citation, as that it be asked for by one party to the suit, that it contain the names of plaintiff and defend- ant, the cause of the summons, the day and place of judgment and so forth. When a certain judge has issued a valid citation, the case must be tried before him, even though other judges would have been com- petent. If the citation be not couched in the pre- scribed legal style, or if it be issued for one beyond the court's jurisdiction, it may be disregarded. When the plaintiff is contumacious, he may be condemned to pay the expenses of the court and sentence may be pronounced without him. Contumacy on the part of the defendant creates a presumption of his guilt, and in a real action puts the other party in temporary possession of the disputed object.

De Luca, Prmlect. Jur. Can. (Koine, 1898), IV; Lauren- Tiua, Inst. Jur. Eccl. (Freiburg. 19U:J;; ?>mith, Elements of Ecci. Law (New York, 1892). II.

\\ iLLiAii H. W. Fanning.

Citeaux, Abbey of, founded in 1098 by St. Robert, Abbot of Molesme, in a deserted and uninhabited part of the Diocese of C'halons-sur-Saone, to-day the Dio- cese of Dijon (Cote-d'Or, France), from which city it is four leagues distant. A small stream of water which overflowed its banks formed there a marsh covered with rushes and coarse grass called in the language of the country cistels, whence the name Cistell or Citeaux (Lat. Cistercium). Here, in a place unknown to men and hitherto inhabited only by wild beasts, St. Robert and his companions, to the number of twenty-one, placed the foundations of the Order of Citeaux, and commenced the literal observ- ance of the Rule of St. Benedict. St. Robert built the first monastery of the Cistercian Order, which he named Novum Monasterium (new monastery), to distinguish it from the monastery of Molesme from which he and his brethren had come. The domain in which Citeaux was situated belonged to Raynald, Viscount of Beaune, who, with his wife Hodierna, gave it voluntarily to God and the Virgin Mary. The name of Citeaux, which this place formerly bore, soon supplanted that of Novum Monasterium, by which it is called in the "Exordium Cisterciensis Ordinis". The Duke of Burgundy, Eudes I, touched by the holy life of the monks of Citeaux, encouraged the work and took upon himself the obligation of defraying all the expenses. The new monastery was inaugurated on the feast of St. Benedict, 21 March, 1098. St. Robert was elected Abbot of Citeaux, but, recalled to Molesme a year afterwards, he was succeeded by St. Alberic, who gave the monks the white habit and placed the monastery immediately under the protection of the Holy See. Under St. Alberic's successor, St. Stephen Harding, the number of subjects was increased by the arrival of St. Bernard and his thirty companions, all young noblemen of Burgundy, and the order commenced to send out colonies. La Ferte (Firn,i- tas), in the Diocese of Chalons (to-day of Autun), Pontigny (Pontiniacum) in the Diocese of Auxerre, Clairvaux (Claravallis), in the Diocese of Langres (to- day of Troyes). and Morimond (Morimundus), in the same Diocese of Langres. were the first four daughters of Citeaux, which, in their turn, gave birth to many monasteries. The abbots of these houses were called the first four Fathers of the order, and the "Charter of Charity", work of St. Stephen, conferred upon them the right of visiting the Abbey of Citeaux.

Popes and kings bestowed many honours and privi- ii ( liteaux. This being the mother-abbey of

the Cistercian Order, the abbot Was recognized as head and superior general of the whole order. The office was elective, the incumbent to be chosen only from among the religious of the order, and only by the religious of the house <>f Citeaux. To-day the abbot is elected by the general chapter, the religious "f ( liteaux not participating. The election was form-

erly cumulative, that is, to the abbot general be- longed, dejure, full administration in spiritual and temporal matters, without waiting for the confirma- tion of the Holy See. To-day this confirmation is required before the abbot general can exercise his powers. The abbot of Citeaux was also ipso facto . prime counsellor (primus consiliarius natus) in the Parliament of Burgundy. He had the right to be called to the assembly of States General of the king- dom and to that of the states of the Province of Burgundy. In the councils he sat immediately after the bishops and had the same honours and preroga- tives. He was regarded as the first of the abbots, "the abbot of the abbots". As head and superior general, he had the right, as he has to-day, to visit, either in person or by his delegate, all the monasteries of the order, and during the visit to exercise all jur- isdictional powers.

Citeaux has been a nursery of saints and illustrious personages. From St. Robert to Blessed Guy III, twenty-three abbots are venerated in the order as saints and blessed. Lambert (1155-61), Gilbert (1163-67), Alexander (1168-75), and Arnaud I (1201- 12) are recognized for the eminent services rendered to the popes and to the kings. Six abbots of Citeaux were honoured with the Roman purple. Henri (1304-16) and Jean IV de Martigny (1405-28) were illustrious for their knowledge in the oecumenical councils. Guy d'Autun (1460-62), Hymbert Martin de Losne (1462-76), Jean IV de Cirey (1476-1501) were the courageous defenders of the order against the practice of Commendam. Others signalized them- selves by their zeal for the restoration of discipline and by their reformatory tendencies: Edrne I de la Croix (15S5-1604), Nicholas II Boucherat (1604-25), Claude Vaussin (1643-70), John XII Petit (1670- 92), Nicholas Larcher (1692-1712). But its past glory and the regularity which still existed at the end of the eighteenth century could not save Citeaux. It is remarkable, however, that with the exception of one lay brother, none of the religious of Citeaux accepted the pension of the State. On 4 May, 1791, the abbey was sold for the first time as national property. The sixty-second and last abbot was Dom Francis Trouve (1748-90). Having lost all hope of saving his monas- tery, he begged Pius VI, 25 July, 1790, to transfer his powers to Dom Robert Schleeht. Abbot of Salmans- weiler, a precaution which left life and hope to the other provinces. Dom Trouve died 27 April, 1797.

The monks of Citeaux created the vineyards of Clos-Vougeot and Romance, the most celebrated of Burgundy. In 1791, the abbey, which possessed 9800 acres of land, was sold for 862,000 pounds, ami this money was used in turn for various pur- poses. In December, 1841, it was sold to an English- man, Arthur Young, a disciple of Fourier, for the purpose of establishing there a phalanstery, which, however, failed completely in 1846. The Abbe Joseph Rey, founder of the Brothers of St. Joseph, purchased it in 1846, established a colony for agri- cultural purposes there, and opened a school for the reception and education of young delinquents and abandoned children. The colonv was suppressed in 1889, and on 2 October, 1898, the Order of Reformed Cistercians took possession again of Citeaux. and Dom Sebastien W'yart became the sixty-third abbot,

after an interruption of 107 years. He was succeeded (Oct., 1904) by Dom Augustin Marre, Abbot of Igny, titular Bishop of < tonstance, and General of the • (rder of Reformed Cistercians, who, having his residence at Home, appointed lor the governmenl of Citeaux an auxiliary. Dom Robert Lescand, titular Abbot of Saint-Aubin and Prior of the house of Citeaux.

Ki.mtm Sacri lWini« 0".«/,r,-iVn.«is iKr tr, Paris, 1SS1V I r

Nain, Eaaai de Vhistotn I Paris, >. . Pvkis,

jfomasli- ' ' ' 1M9'; .I-W-ArsrHFK, Orimnum

, n.,i„m i\ ienna, 1897 I, I; L'Unim Ciitfrciennt (Haute-

combe, 1S92 — ); Menologe Cistercien, par unmoinede Thymadeuc