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 CHINA

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CHINA

firmed by a Roman decree of 7 Dec, 1783, ap- proved of by King Louis XVI of France at Ver- sailles, 25 Jan., 1784. The superior general, Antoine Jacquier, chose for the new missions Nicolas-Joseph Raux (b. at Ohain, Hainault, 14 April, 1754; d. 16 Nov., 1S01), Jean-Joseph Ghislain (b. at Salles, Dio- cese of Cambrai, 5 May, 1751; d. 12 Aug., 1812), and Brother Charles Port is. They arrived at Canton, 29 August. 17.S4. Peking, however, had to be aban- doned during the greater part of the nineteenth cen- tury, and was finally recovered after the war of 1S60, by Bishop Joseph-Martial Mouly (b.at Figeac, 2 Aug., 1807; d. 4 Dec, 1868), Vicar Apostolic of Northern Chi-li. Monsignor Alphonse-Pierre Favier, a Lazar- ist. titular Bishop of Pentacomia (b. 22 Sept., 1837), Vicar Apostolic of Peking during the Boxer rebellion, was one of the successors of Bishop Mouly. Among the remarkable Lazarists of China mention may be made of Joachim-Affonso Goncalves (b. in Portugal, 23 March, 1781; d. 3 Oct., 1844), a great sinologist, author of "Arte China" and several gram- mars and dictionaries, and the celebrated naturalist Armand David (b. at Espalette, 7 Sept., 1826; d. in Paris, 10 Nov., 1900). The well-known traveller in Tibet, Evariste-Regis Hue (b. at Caylus, 1 June. 1813; d. March, 1860), was also a Lazarist. In the vicariates administered by the Lazarists are a num- ber of Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul, who are devoted nurses in the hospitals. The Lazarists also have charge of the Work of the Holy Childhood, for the redemption of forsaken native children, with head- quarters at Ting-hai (Chusan Island). The Lazarists have a procurator at Shanghai. Since 1832 they have published the "Annales de la Congregation de la Mis- sion ". The head-quarters of the mission are at Paris.

The Belgian Congregation of the Immaculate Heart aj Mary (Imm. Cord. B. M. V. de Scheiitreld).— This congregation was established at Brussels by a retired military chaplain, Theophile Verbist (b. at Antwerp, 1823; d. in Mongolia, 24 Feb., 1868). His first com- panion was Van Segvelt, and he was soon joined by Francois Vranckx and Verlinden, and later by Jac- ques Bax and Ferdinand Hamer, who were after- wards vicars Apostolic. The Belgian missions extend over Mongolia, Kan-su, and Central Asia. In Feb- ruary, 18S9, this congregation established the peri- odical "Missions en Chine et au Congo", published at Brussels in both French and Flemish. The head- quarters of the missions are at Scheutveld near Brussels.

Foreign Missions of Milan (Sent. Mediol. Miss. Ext.). — A new seminary was established at Milan, 31 July, 1S50, by Monsignor A. Ramazzotti, later Bishop of Pavia, and Patriarch of Venice, with the help of Fathers Reina, Mazzucconi, Salerio, Ripamonti, and Giuseppe Marinoni (b. at Milan, 11 Oct., 1S10; d. 27 Jan., 1891). The last named was the real founder of the order and its first director. The head-quar- ters are at Milan.

Priests of Stexjl (Sem.Steylen. pro Hfiss. Ext. Soc. Verbi Divini). — This congregation was founded in 1875 by Arnold Janssen, a priest of the Diocese of Minister (Westphalia), chaplain of the I'rsuline sisters at Kempen (Rhenish Prussia), and editor of the "Kleiner Herz Jesu Bote", at Steyl (Holland), near Tegelen and Venloo. The new German con- gregation obtained from the Franciscans the ces- • pari of Shan-tung of which Johann Baptist Anzer I pro-vicar, 2 Jan., 18S2, and vicar

Apostolic, 22 Dec, 1885. When Bishop Anzer of relepta died (24 Nov., 1903), he was replaced by Bishop Ilenninghaus. This mission is under German orate, with head-quarters at Steyl.

The Seminary of Sts. Peter and Paul (Sem. SS. • I Pauli de Vrbe), founded in Rome by I'll l\ in 1874, has a small mission in Southern Shai-si.

Protectorate. — The partition of the newly-found lands by the Holy See, at the end of the fifteenth century, assigned Asia to Portugal, which had the con- trol of missionaries in China, by a Bidl of Nicholas V (8 Jan., 1454). The first blow struck at this protec- torate was the creation of the Sacra Congregatio de Propagandd Fide, by Gregory XV, 22 June, 1622, and the appointment of two French vicars Apostolic in 165S. The next was the sending of five Jesuits to China, in 1685, by Louis XI V, who pledged himself to protect his subjects. The rivalry of Portugal and France in this mission field was no slight factor in the failure of the special mission of Cardinal de Tournon. Lazarists took the place of Jesuits at Peking, with the agreement of France. When the Portuguese bishop, Gaetao Pires, died at Peking, 2 Nov., 1838, his country did not name a successor, and the place was taken by the French Lazarists

Cathedral <>f Saint-Sauyevr, Peking

and their bishop, Mouly. The French ambassador, Th. de Lagrene 1, signed a treaty at Whampoa, 24 Oct., 1844, in which it is stipulated (art. XXIII) that the French shall have the right to establish churches, hospitals, schools, and cemeteries. Again in art. XIII of the French Treaty of T'ien-tsin, it was stip- ulated that protection should be granted to mission- aries travelling with regular passports in the interior of China, and that all edicts against the Christian religion should be abrogated. By art. VI of the French Peking Convention of 1S60, it was agreed that all the buildings confiscated by the Chinese should be restored to the Christians through the French Legation at Peking. The four churches of the capi- tal (or their sites) were then surrendered to the French ambassador. Baron Gros, who issued pass- ports to twenty-eight missionaries of various congre- gations and nationalities. Portugal did not protest or interfere, leaving France undisturbed in the ex- ercise of her protectorate over all the missions in China.

On 20 February, 1865. M. Berthemy, the French Minister at Peking, had a correspondence with the Tsung-li Yamen, with regard to the purchase of lands and houses by French missionaries. The question was definitely settled by M. Gerard. 14 April, 1895, and the agreement is known as the " Berthemy Con- vention". In 1S85 an attempt was made to send a papal nuncio or legato to Peking, but when 1' ranee observed that it would interfere with her protectorate, Rome did not insist. In 1890-91, after lengthy nego- tiations with the Holy See and the German Bishop Anzer of Shan-tung, the German Government suc- ceeded in having German missions placed under its protectorate. Of course France could not object to the protection given by a sovereign to his own subjects. Arrangements have also been made with Italy for the protection of Italian subjects, but the