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CHINA

of being the pioneer missionary at Peking; he was born at Macerata, Italy, 6 Oct., 1552, and arrived at .Macao in 1583, mooting there Ruggieri. From Chao- k'ing Father Ricci went to Nan-ch'ang in the Kiang- si province i. 15.SM, thence to Nan-king (1595); he visited Peking twice I 1595 and 1598), where he finally settled, leaving Nan-king for the last time IS May, 1600. He left behind him Lazzaro Cat- taneo and Joao da Rocha, who in 1603 baptized, under the name of Paul, the celebrated Sin Kwang-k'i. The latter on going to Peking showed himself a stanch supporter of Ricci, who died 11 May, 1610. Ricci was the first superior of the Peking mission. His two successors, Nicolo Longobardi (1610) and Joao da Rocha (1622) held the same office; Emmanuel Diaz (Junior) was the first vice-provincial. Ricci under the Chinese name of Li Ma-teu, wrote many works still appreciated by the Chinese, among them "T'ien-chu Shi-yi" (the true doctrine of God), pub- lished in 1601, translated into Manchu, Korean, Japanese, and French; " Ki-ho Yuan-pun", the first six books of Euclid, etc. The following are the names of some of the best known members of this mission: Emmanuel Diaz Junior (Yang Ma-no), b. in Portugal, 1574; arrived in China, 1610; d. at Hang-chou, 4 March, 1659; author of "T'ang-king Kiao-pei-sung-eheng-ts'iuen", a translation of the celebrated inscription of Si-ngan-fu. Nicolas Tri- gault (Kiu Ni-ko), b. at Douai, 3 March, 1577; ar- rived in China, 1610; d. at Hang-chou, 14 Nov.. 1628; author of the life of Ricci (De Christiana Expeditione apud Sinas, 1615), a dictionary (Si- ju-eul-mu-tze), and a translation of .lEsop's Fables ( Hwang- yi). Giulio Aleni (Ngai Ju-lio), b. at Brescia, 1582; arrived in China, 1613; d. at Fu-chou, 3 Aug., 1649; author of no less than twenty-five works in Chinese, including a life of Christ. Johann Adam Schall von Bell (T'ang Jo-wang), b. at Cologne, 1591; arrived in China, 1622; d. at Peking, 15 Aug.,. 1666; a celebrated mathematician. Luigi Buglio (Li Lei-sse), b. at Mineo (Sicily) 26 Jan., 1606; arrived in China, 1637: d. at Peking, 7 Oct., 1682; author of twenty-one works in Chinese, of which a "Missale romanum" (Mi-sa King-tien, 1670), a "Breviarium romanum" (Ji-k'o Kai-yao, 1674), a "Manuale ail Sacramento minis tranda" (Sheng- sse-li-tien. 1675), still remain. Gabriel de Magalha- \gan Wen-sse), b. at Pedrogao. 1611; arrived in China. 1640; d. at Peking, 6 May, 1677; author of

I description of China which was translated into English (168Si. Martino Martini (Wei Kwang-kwo), b. at Trent, 1614; arrived in China, 1643; d. at Hang- chou, 6 June, 106] ; who published in 1655 the first good atlas of China. Ignacio da Costa (Kouo Na-

b. at Fayal, Azores, 1599; arrived in China, a, May, 1666; the translator, with Intorcetta, of the "Lun-yn" and "Ta-hio" of Con- fucius (1662 i. Prospero Intorcetta (In To-che), b. at Piazza. Sicilv. 28 August, 1628; arrived in China, 1659; d. at Hang-chou. 3 Oct.. 1696. Philippe Couplet (Pe Ing-li), b. at Mechlin, 31 May, 1622; arrived in China in 1659; died at sea, 16 May, 1693; he made known to Europeans the works of Confucius (1672). Albert Dorville and Johann Gruber, who visited Tibet. Ferdinand Verbiesl (Nan llwai-jen), b. at Pitthem, 9 Oct., 1623; arrived in China, 1659; d. at Peking, 29 Jan., 1688; a great astronomer, who east .some of the instruments of the Peking observatory and guns for the war against the (Sleuths. Francois Noel (Wei Fang-tsi), h. at drud (Hainault i. IS Aug.. 1651: arrived in China in 1687; d. at Lille. 17 Sept.. 1729; astronomer and translator of the Confucian classics. Ignaz Kogler (Tai Isin lien. b. at Landsborg, 11 Mav, 1680; arrived in China, 30 Aug.. 1716; d. at Pe- king, 29 March. 1746. Augustin von Hallerstein, b. at Laibach, 2 Aug., 1703; arrived in China in III.— 43

1738; d. 29 Oct., 1774. The two last named were mathematicians.

Most of the Jesuits of this mission were Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, German, Swiss, or Belgian; but few were French. In 1685, however, Louis XIV, King of France, sent six French Jesuits to the Far East; Guy Tachard remained in Siam, but Jean de Fontaney, Joachim Bouvet, Louis Le Comte, Jean- Francois Gerbillon, and Claude de Visdelou, who reached China, 23 July, 1687, laid the foundation of the celebrated French Peking mission, which lasted till the suppression of the Society. Their mission under the protectorate of the French king was distinct from the mission of the other Jesuits, who were known in a general manner as "Portuguese", to distinguish them from their French brethren. The superiors of the French mission were: Jean de Fontanev (1687), Gerbillon (1699), Dentrecolles (1706), Julien-Placide Hervieu (1719), Joseph Labbe (1736), Hervieu, a second time (1740). Valentin Chalier (1745), Jean Sylvain de Neuvialle (1747), Louis-Marie Du Gad (1752), Neuvialle, a second time (1757), Joseph- Louis Le Febvre (1762), Jean-Baptiste de la Roche (1769), and Francois Bourgeois.

The following are the names of the most remark- able among these French Jesuits: Jean-Francois Gerbillon (Chang Ch'eng), b. at Verdun, 21 Jan., 1654; arrived in China. 1887; d. at Peking, 22 March, 1707. Having been superior of the house at Peking he was appointed, 3 Nov., 1700, superior of all the French Jesuits in China. He was the interpreter for the treaty signed with Russia at Nerchinsk in 1689, and the author of a Manchu grammar. Claude de Visdelou (Livi-in), b. 12 Aug., 1656, in Brittany; d. at Pondicherry, 11 Nov., 1737. He arrived in China in 1687. He left the Society, was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Kwei-chou and Bishop of Claudiopolis (12 Feb., 1708). His very valuable "Histoire de la Tartaric" was published as an appendix to B. d'l [er belot's "Bibliotheque orientate (1780). Joachim Bouvet (Pe-tsin), b. at Mans, 18 July, 1656; arrived in China in 1687; d. at Peking, 28 June, 1730; a man of great activity. Francois-Xavier Dentrecolles (In Hong-siu), b. at Lyons, 5 Feb., 1663; arrived in China in 1698; d. 2 July, 1741; author of various papers of scientific value. Joseph-Marie de Pretnaro (Ma Jo-shi), b. at Havre-de-Grace, 17 July, 1666; arrived in China in 1698; d. at Macao, 17 Si-]; arrived in China in 169S; d. at Peking, 29 Sept., 1711; a learned and influential man, author of the Chinese [iv< St. Aloysius Gonzaga (Tsi-mei-pien) and St. Stan- islaus Kostka (Te-hing-p'u). Antoine Gaubil (Sung Kiun-yung), b. at Gaillac, 14 July, 1689; arrived in China in 1722; d. at Peking, 24 July, 1759: re- markable as astronomer, historian, and geographer. Pierre dTncarville (T'ang), b. 21 Aug., 17116; ar- rived in China in 1740; d. at Peking, 12 May. 1757; well known as a botanist. Joseph-Marie-Anne de Moyria de Mailla (Fung Pin-chengi. 1>. at Moirans (Isere), 16 Dec., 1669; arrived in China in 1703; d. at Peking, 28 June, 1748; translator into French of the huge Chinese historical work "T'ung-kien-kang-mu" (ed. Grosier, 13 vols. 4to, Paris, 1777-1785). J Joseph-Marie Amiot (Tsien Teh-ming), b. at Toulon, 1718; arrived in China in 1750; a. at Peking, 9 Oct., 1793: the most active contributor to ih "Memoires concernant les Chinois" and a regular correspondent of the French Minister Bcrtin.

Numerous and important works were compiled or written by these hard-working missionaries. Among these are: (1) Maps of China. This labour was UD taken by order of the Emperor K'ang-hi and executed between 1708 and 1718, under the direction of Father