Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 3.djvu/745

 CHINA

665

CHINA

adorned with ancient Bculptures. — (.">) Kiang-su [first syllables of Kiang-ning (Nan-king) and Su- ction]; capital, Su-chou; principal city, Kiang-ning (Nan-king), formerly capital of the empire, and now residence of the viceroy of the Liang-kiang or Two Kiangs; chief cities: Shanghai, the most important trading mart of China, and Y ang-chou, on tin- Grand i anal; population, 23,980,000.— (6) Ngan-hwei (first syllables of Ngan-k'ing and Hwei-chou); capital, Ngan-k'ing, on the left bank of the Yang-tze; prin- cipal places: Wu-hu, a treaty port, Hwei-chou, Feng- vang, the birth-place of the Mings; population, 36,000,000— (7) Kiang-si (west of the Kiang); capi- tal, Nan-ch'ang, on the Kan-kiang, south of the celebrated P'o-yang lake; principal places: Kiu- kiang, a treaty port, Yao-chou. King-te-chen, the centre of the manufacture of porcelain, with 160,000 workmen; population, 24,534,000. — (8) Che-kiang i ■■nn iked river); capital, Hang-chou, on the left bank of the Ts'ien-t'ang. near the celebrated Lake Si-hu; principal places: Hu-chou, Shao-hing, Ning-po, Ting-hai, Lan-k'i-hien, Kin-hwa; population, 11,- 800,000.— (9) Fu-kien (first syllables of Fu-chou and of Kien-ning); capital, Fu-chou, on the left bank of the Min; principal places: Ts'ean-chou, Amoy (Hia- iiieni.l thang-chou, T'ung-ngan, Yen-p'ing, Kien-ning, Ch'ung-ngan, Lien-kiang, Fu-ning; population. 20,- 000,000. ID) Hu-pe (north of the lake. Tung- capital, Wu-cn'ang, on the right bank of the


 * ae at the mouth of the Han-ho; opposite, on the

right bank nf the Han, is Han-yang, on the left, llan- knu; other important places: I-ch'ang, Sha-shi, Siang- yang; population, 34,000,000.— (11) Hu-nan (south of the lake); capital, Ch'ang-sha, on the right bank of the Siang-kiang; principal places: Heng-chou,

fan, Siang-yin, Yo-chou, and the great mar- ket-city. Ch'ang-te; population, 22,000,000.— (12) Kwang-tung (east of the Kwang); capital, Kwang- cho.u (Canton) after 1664, when it superseded Chao- k'ing-fu; principal places: Chao-cnou, Fa-chan, Swatow, Pak-hoi, Kiung-chou (Hai-nan) ; population, 32,000,000. (13) Kwang-si (west of the Kwang); capital, Kwei-lin, on the Kwei-kiang: principal places: Wu-chou on the Si-kiang, Nan-ning on the Vu-kiang. Lung-chou on the Tso-kiang, Liu-chou on the Liu-kiang, Po-se; population, 8,000,000. (14) Yun-nan (south of the clouds); capital, Yun-nan- fu; principal places: Ta-li-fu, capital of the Moham inedan rebels, Tung-ch'wan. Chao-t'ung, Meng-tze, , io,Aten-tze,Momein (Teng-yueh); this province h i- a i irge t n ign population, chiefly Minchia, Lolos,
 * population, 8,000,000 L5 Kwei-

chou (precioui region ; capital, Kwei-yang; principal i fu, Pi-tsieh-hien, Ngan shun, Hing-i-fu. i of the Shin T'ung-kwan Pass), capital Si-ngan-fu near the Wei-ho, where the impe-

OUXl repaired .luring the Boxer rebellion (1900); principal places: Ban-chung, Hing-ngan. — (17) Kan-su (first syllables of Kan-chou and Su-chou);

il, Lan-chou, on the right bank of the Hwang-ho; principal places: Si-ning; to the south-west the cele- brated monastery Gum-bum, Ning-hia, Liang-chou, Kan-chou, Su-chou. (18) Sze-ch%an (four rivers, i. e. Yang-tze. Min. ( 'h'ung, and Kia-ling): capital,

i in. in a large and rich plain, well irrigated; principal places: Ta-tsien-lu, Ya-chou, Kia-ting, Su-chou or Sui-fu, Sh'un-k'ing, Wan. Ling-yuen,

il of Kien-ch'ang, the Lolo region, Li-tang, and

Ba-tane; population, 79,1 ,000; estimated in 1904

I iv A. Home al 15,0

The following abbreviations are used in the customs, postal, and telegraphic servio \n Ngan hwei ; < 'he., Che-kiang; Chi.. Chi-li; Fu., Fu-kien; Hei., Hei-lung- kiang (Manchuria;; Ho., Ho-nan; Hun., Hu Hup., Hu-pe; Kan.. Kan-su; Ki.. Kiang-si; King., king; Kir., Kirin (Mam i Ku I

kwci., Kwei-chou; Man., Manchuria; Sha.,

Shan-si; She., Shen-si; Slit., Shantung; Si., Kwang-si; Sin., Sin-kiang; Sze., Sze-ch'wan; Tung., Kwang-tung; Yun., Yun-nan.

Ethnography. — It would be a great mistake to think that the Chinese people arc all of one race. The ordinary Chinaman is of middle size, strongly built, with a round, full face, high cheek bones, a short, depressed nose, thick lips, and fine teeth. His eyes are black and often oblique, his complexion varying between pale white and dark brown, his forehead shaven, and his coarse black hair hanging down his back in a plait; his beard is black and scanty, his feet small. The true Chinaman, that is to say. the native of the central provinces, from the banks of the Hwang-ho and lower Yang-tze, differs greatly from his countrymen of the maritime provinces of Kwang-tung and Fu-kien. Not only are (lure racial differences between the various types of Chi- nese, but still further differences arise from the various peoples living on the borders as well as in the prov- inces. On the north the Tatars, Manchus, and Mongols, on the west the Tibetans are important groups. The Chinese call the non-Chinese tribes "barbarians" or Yi. Fan, and Man: the term Yi was used to designate Europeans and was prohibited by Article 51 of the British Treaty of T'ien tsin (185S); Fan-lao or Fan-jen according to S. W. Will- iams was used at Canton for foreigners; the general names Man and Mantze are employed more particu- larly in the West and the South and include such non-Chinese tribes as the Yao, I'hwang, Tho, Lolo, or V-kia, Chung-kia, Si-fan, Miao tribes, etc. dispersed throughout Sze-ch'wan and Yun-nan, while the Hakkas reside in Kwang-tung. There are also avage tribes in Formosa, on the western slope of the central range of mountains.

The queue (pirn-tzc) worn by the Chinese and so characteristic of the race, was imported by Manchu conquerors in 1627. To compress the feet of the females is far from being a universal custom, and has no connexion with position or fortune. Manchu ladies (i, e. those of the imperial family) and most oi the southern women do not treat their feet in this unnatural way: there are DO trustworthy data as to the origin of this torture, which goes back, some say, to 583 \. D. A few years ago some European ladies started an anti foot-binding movement under the name of Tien Tsu llirri, which seems to have met with a fair amount of success. Some Chine pecially scholars, wear extraordinarily long nails.

which are intended to show that, their owners are above manual labour. Sometimes they sheathe their nails with brass or silver.

( ii i\ bbnment. — Since the beginning of the fifteen! h

century the seat of the government Eas been Peking

northern court), its name being Shun-tien-fu in the

Chi-li province; the southern court (Nan-kins

Kiang-ning in the Kiang-su province, the capital of the

empire in the beginning of the Mini! dynasty. The

i mperor is styled Hwang ti i tn] i i; or Hwang-

9hang, Wan-sui Yeh, T'ien-tze (son of Heaven),

T'ien-wang (heavenly prime); the empress is

Hwang-heu or Chung-kung; where there an

empresses they are designated Tiing-kung and Si-

kung (respectively eastern and wi oil; to

the part of the palace they live in. The heir-apparent is the Hwang-1 ai-tze ; the hereditary imperial nobility

include: Ts'in-wang, prince ol the fit ' order; Kiun- wang, of the second order: Pei-leh (Bei-leh) of the third order; 1'ei-tze, of the fourth order; Fung-ngen Chen Kwo-kung, duke of the first order; Fung-ngeii Fu Kwo-kung. of the second ordei Pu JU, Pa-fen

< 'hen Kwo-kung, of the thud ord Fen 1

Kwo-kung, of the fourth order; Chen I kiun. Fu Kwo Tsiang-kiun, Fung Kwo Tsiang-kiun, and Fung-ngen Tsiang-kiun, gem of the

first, second, third, and fourth classes respectively.