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 CHARLES

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CHARLES

Caroli Borroma-i (Rome. 1586); lUsnn, T)r vita el rebus Malta Caroli Cardinally ,s\ I'rarnlis An In, /a • •,'], : \l,;li,,lam Qngolstadt, 159'.'. an.! I .Mi. ls.vo: (Jussano. Vita di S. Borromto (Rome. 1610); another edition with Office of St. Charles prefixed, additions by Giissan... an.l Instructions to Parents and Children by St. Charles (Venice. 1613), Latin version bv De Rossi, and notes by Oltrocchi; De vita el rebus gestis S. Caroli Borroma, (Milan, 1751) — the notes by Oltroc- chi are most valuable as a mine of information. English ver- sion of GinssANO, with preface by Manning, The Life of St. Charles Borromeo, Cardinal Archbishop of Milan (2 vols., Lon- don, 1884).

There are also the following: Pexia, tr. Wihth, S. Caroli Borronuri ,-itn : Cologne. I'.ii : Tot RON, Tm meet I esprit de S. Charity (3 vols.. Paris. 1761); Martin. Histoin t repiscopatdeS. Charles Borromee i Paris. 1847); Antonio Sala, Btografia di S. Carlo Borromeo iMilan. lS.wv Aristides Sua, Docummti circa la vita ■ ...,,,, :. .,.]-.

Milan, 1857-61); Locatei.i.i, Vita di S. Carl,, (Milan, lss; ; Stlvain. Histoxre de S. Charlet Borromie (3 vols.. Lille, 1884 : Heai.v Thompson led). Life <./ St. Charles Borromeo (London, 1858 and 1893).

The following may also be consulted: Butler, Lives of the Saints, 4 Nov.; Feller, Biographic univereeUei Newman, Essays. Critical ami I! ist,, tieal, 11. 140: (for St. Charles on Preaching) In., 7 ! « fVinerstfyiSuojecte (9th

e.l, ISSrt); Catholic Record Society, vols. II, IV, Records of English Catholics, 11; Douay Diaries (London, 1878); Jame- son, Legends of 1/ ere (London, 1S67); Life of Dom Bartholomew of the Martyrs, tr. Herbert (London, lssot; Prat. Vie de Ribadeneyra (Paris, 18621; Fabeh, Foreign Churches and Peoples (London, 1842); Cambridge Modern His- tory, II, III; RoHRBACHER, Hist, arc de V Eglise eatholique (Liege, 1S471. XXIV; Ranks, History of the Popes, tr. in Bohn's Library (London, 1847),

William Ffrench Keoqh.

Charles V, Emperor (Charles I, King of Spain), b. at Ghent, 1.300; d. at Yuste, in Spain, 1558; was a descendant of the house of Hapsburg, and t.i this descent owed his sovereignty over so many lands that it was said of him that the sun never his dominions. Charles was the son of Philip, I hike of Burgundy, by Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, and Burgundy was the first heritage to which he succeeded, on his father's death in 1500. As he was a minor at that time, his aunt, Margaret of Austria, undertook the regency for him. William of Chievres, his father's chief counsellor, had charge of the prince's household; Adrian of Utrecht, the Hu- manist and professor of theology at Louvain, who undertook In- education, appears to have exercised a deep and lasting influence on the opinions and con- victions of his pupil.

Like many princes of his house, the boy developed slowly, showing no signs of a strong will. In Janu- ary, 1515, he was declared to be of age, through the influence of Chievres, who sought t.. destroy the power by which Margaret was forcing the Burgundian nobility into a too dynastic policy regardless of the country's need of peace. Tin- peace of the country demanded an alliance with France, even though France should thus gain considerable influence in the internal affairs of Burgundy. Charles at once ac- ceded to the nobility creaties of Paris, 24 March, 1515. and Noyon, 13 August, 151''. . Upon the death of Ferdinand of Aragon in January. 15b., Charles was named as his successor; but as the Duchess Joanna was still living, and Charles' brother Ferdinand, educated in Spain, was popular in that country, the realization of this arrangement was still in doubt. f his own motion Charles immediately as- sumed the title of King of Castile, and announced his intention of going to Spain as soon as possible. It was not till the autumn of 1517 that he effected this purpose, and the Spanish opposition had meanwhile been silenced. But the power h ft in the h I

Chievres, and the Burgundians provoked the uprising in Castile known as the War of the Communidad. It

was a movement of the cities. In Castile the discon- tent of the ruling classes was joined to that of the handicraftsmen and labourers; in Valencia the move- ment was exclusively ..tie of mechanics and the prole tariat. The rebellion failed because the commercial cities of Southern Castile took no pari in it, and be- cause Charles, acting upon his own judgment, placed III— 40

Spaniards, instead of foreigners, in positions of au- thority.

In 1520 Charles left Spain to take possession of the German Empire to which he had been elected. The French king, Francis I, had been his rival for the dignity; Leo X thought that his interests in Italy ... ere endangered by Charles' election. The Kingdom of Navarre was already a matter of contention be- tween France and Spain, while France and the Neth- erlands wrangled over the original Dukedom of Bur- gundy as well as Tournai, Flanders, Axtois, and some lesser territories. "War had not broken out over these questions, and nothing indicated that Charles would be a warlike prince; but he had broken the alliance with France made under Chievres. The Holy See opposed the election of Charles even more vigorously than France. As King of Aragon, Charles was heir to the Kingdom of Naples, a papal fief; the investiture had not yet taken place, but it could not be withheld. If he should also become emperor, and thus obtain a title to Milan as well, there would result a political condition against which the popes since Innocent III had constantly fought — the union of Milan and Naples in one hand.

In spite of the opposition of Rome and France, Charles was elected (28 June, 1519), and everywhere received the title of "Emperor Elect". Leo X put no difficulties in Charles' way at Naples. The foun- dation had been laid for his universal empire. Not yet twenty years of age at the time of his election, he had shown a marked precocity of development. During a stay in the Netherlands of several months, after his return from Spain, and on his arrival in Germany, it became apparent that he had taken the reins of government into his own hands. His chief counsellor, Chievres, died in May, 1521, and thence- forward Charles was practically free in all his deci- sions.

His first, important service to the empire was to effect the successful issue of the Diet of Worms, ex- hibiting his entire independence and intellectual ma- turity. The Lutheran movement had extended so widely over Germany, that AJeander, the papal repre- sentative at the imperial Court, strenuously urged its suppression. Charles had already told him, in the Netherlands, that the affair seemed to him to be set- tled by the papal Hull of 15 June, 1520. Bui in Ger- many he was convinced that the opposition to the Roman Curia was widespread and that this opposi- tion helped the monk, even among those who did not hold heretical doctrines. Still, as he told Meander, Charles did not think it right to mix up his affairs with those of the pope. He promised the const it in nt estates of the empire a hearing for the monk before the imperial diet and in return received their promise that if Luther persisted in his heresy they would abandon him. Thus he gained time to turn his attention to temporal politics. He meant lo bring to .. successful conclusion the efforts which for a gem ration bad been making to give the empire a better constitution, and increase its financial and military strength. An agreement was reached as to how- the estates of the realm should share in its government, according to a scheme called the /.'■ penses

of the imperial chamber .te. were i" !"■ met and how tates were to furnish the emperor military as- sistance in war. In April, 1521, Luther appeared the diet, but .lid rn.t retract. .Next day

in person appeared againsl him before the

estates, and expressed his own views with an em- phasis not expected from so taciturn a youth. On the vh of May he prepared the ban against Luther, but it was not published until the 26th. In accord- ance with the promise given by the .states in Febru- ary, he spoke for them all.

Had Charles had his way, he would have devoted himself for some time to the pressing internal needs