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 CHANGANACHERRY

573

CHANTRY

sionary, hurriedly buried, were later claimed by M. Lavaux, commander of the French naval station of Tahiti, and taken to France on a government trans- port, 1842. The cause of the beatification of Father Chanel, introduced 1857, terminated by the Brief " Quemadmodum " of 1G Nov., 1889. The solemnities took place the following day in the basilica of St. Peter, Rome. "Oceanicffi protomartyr" is the official title given Blessed Chanel by the Congregation of Rites in the decree declaring: "tuto procedi posse ad solemnem Ven. servi Dei P. M. Chanel beatifica- tionem".

Acta authcntica beatificationis (Rome, 1SS9); Bourdin, Viedu P. Chanel (Lyons. 1867'; Nicolet, Vic du Bienheureux P. M. Chanel (Lyons, 1S90), two abridgments in English of the fore- going were printed at Dublin and Abbeville <1S(101; M\\- geret, Mar. Baiaillon et tea Missions deVOceanit (Paris, Lyons, 1884), I, 225; Hervier, Les missions Manstcs <n (h-innic (Paris, 1902); Annate* a\ ■ dela foi (Lyons, 1842,

1843); Our First Beatified Martyrs (pamphlet issued by the Society for the Propagation of the Faith, New- York, 1907). J. F. SOLLIER.

Changanacherry, Vicariate Apostolic of (( !han- ganacherensisI. in Travancore, British India, created 2S July. 1N00. Its first actual vicar Apostolic, Ma- thew Makil. titular Bishop of Tralles, was conse- crated 25 Oct., 1896. This vicariate was established to meet the needs of native Indian Christians of the Syro-Malabar Rite. It includes five deaneries of Nordist Syrians (descendants of native Malabar castes) and two of Sudists (descendants of fourth cen- tury immigrant Syrians), a social distinction origina- ting long ago in their residence at Cranganore. Its territory extends south as far as Purakad, and is bounded on the north by the Vicariate of Ernakulam, on the tast by the Ghats, and on the West by the Gulf of Arabia. The Catholic population numbers

140.172 in a total of 900,1 There are 95 churches

and 57 chapels; the native clergy number 283 (253 secular, 30 regular); besides these there are 20 brothers. There are four Carmelite monasteries. The convents of religious women have 70 members (3.5 Carmelites. 20 Visitation nuns, and 15 Clarissesi. The annual conversions reach about 1000. There an- 75 theological seminarists with 2(1 pupils in preparatory work. In 3 English (boarding) high schools there are 650 boys, and in 4 middle schools 360 girls. In IIS native parish schools then' are 14,328 pupils. The Catholic press is represented by one native Malaya- lam weekly paper and 2 monthly periodicals. The Jacobite Syrians and tin- Protestants number 13,000; the pagan population about 600,000.

(Rome, 1907), 821-25; Illustrated

Catholi, ■ ■ Mar. h, June, 1903); I.a Verb Roma


 * i) M ■. I'.ii i,; ; 1/,, n ger of the Sacred Heart I Ipril, 1897 ;

.,' India H9f)li, XXVII, Travancore, part 1. 109-110,

and Cochin, part I, 44-15, 60.

Mathew Vattakalan. Channel Islands. See Portsmoi hi, Diocese of.

Chant. See Amhrosia\, < Iregorian, Liturgical,

Plain ( hint.

Chantal, Jane Frances de, Saint. See Jane

l s DE < II UMTAL, S WNT.

Chantelou, Ci.aide. patristic scholar, b. in 1017. at Vion, in the present Diocese of Le Man-, I ranee; d. 28 November, 1664, al the Monastery of Saint-Ger- main-des-Pres in Paris. Having spent some time in the ' >rderof Fontevrault, he left it to become a Bene- dictine in the Congregation of Saint-Maur. in which he made bis profession, 7 February, 1640, al Toulouse. When the General Chapter oi 1 651 ordained thai two religions be entrusted with the preparation of a his- tory of the congregation, Chantelou was one of the

appointees, and from that time until his death resided

at Saint-Germain-des-Pres. Be is the author of the following works: "Bibliotheca i'atrum ascetica" (Paris, 1661-64), a collection of extracts from the writings of the Fathers regarding the spiritual life;

"S. Benedicti abbatis Clarevallensis Parseneticon"

(Paris, 1662), an edition of sermons of St. Bernard preceded by a life of the saint written by Alain. Bishop of Auxerre (a life of St. Malachy, Archbishop of Armagh, concludes the work); "S. Basilii Caesareae Cappadociae archiepiscopi regularum fusius disputa- tarum liber" (Paris, 1664), answers of St. Basil to questions proposed by his monks respecting the mon- astic life; "Carte geographique de la France benedic- tine", published by Le Chevalier in 1726. Marin de Caraurais edited and completed Chantelou 's manu- script, "History of the Abbey of Montmajour ". near Aries (Marseilles, 1878). Nobilleau published his "Analyses du cartulaire tourangeau de Marmoutier" (Tours, 1879). Chantelou was also a collaborator in the publication of important Benedictine historical collections, e. g. the "Spicilegium" of D'Achery.

Le Cerf, Btbliotheque hiat et crit. dea auteura de to conare'~ gallon de St-Maur (The Hajrue, 172ii), 5s no; lam, liiblioih. ilrs ccrivains de la canon aalion d> St-Maur (Munirh and Paris. 1S82). 43; Heurtebize in Diet, de thiol, cath. (Paris, 1905), II, 2215.

N. A. Weber. Chantry (M. E. chaunierie; O. ]>. chanterie; Fr.

chanter, to sing; M. Lat. cantaria, cantuaria, whence cantarie, cantuarie), the endowment of one or more priests to say or sing Mass for the soul of the endower, or for the souls of persons named by him, and also, in the greater number of cases, to perform certain other offices, such as those of choir member in a collegiate church or cathedral, or of curate in outlying districts, or of chaplain in hospitals and jails, or of school- master or librarian. It was thus essentially, though not solely, a liturgical institution requiring as a c/ua rum of its existence a place where the incumbent might, say Mass. As a rule this was provided for by screening off a space between the great pillars of the nave or transept of some parish church or cathedral, and erecting an altar there. Bui frequently an addi- tion was made to and opening into the choir, or a de- tached building was erected for the purpose. These detached chantry chapels, built in a churchyard, or in an outlying district, or at the entrance to bridges, often consisted of two stories, the lower one being devoted to the strictly religious uses of the founda- tion, while the incumbent used the upper one as his home or as a schoolroom. To erect a chantry the consent of the ordinary, which was given only when it was found that a fund sufficiently large for its build- ing and maintenance hail been set aside, had to be ob- tained; then the permission of the Crown to alienate lands in mortmain had to be secured; and then, to provide against the violation of the rights of the mother-church, the priest in whose parish the chan- try was to be erected hail to be consulted ; finally, to give it a legal character, it had to be instituted by the civil authorities of the locality. In the erection of some chantries, beyond giving his permission, the bishop played no part. The donor, or his trustees. retained the funds a.s well as the right of appointing and removing the incumbent. Chantries 01 this kind were called "mercenary", and were erected u only for a definite period of time. Two ot her forms, called "collative" and "in private patronage", were erected, as a rule in perpetuity, Both ol tin- - ecclesiastical; the only difference between them being that in t he latter the donor or his trustees named the incumbent, whereas in the former the bishop alone had the right.

Traces of the chantry system are to be found in England as far back as the Conquest, but these foundations were not numerous until the middle of the fourteenth century. Alter that time, however, owing largely, no doubt, to the tremendous revolu- tion effected by the great |

quent growth in wealth and influence of 'lie middle

classes, their number constantly increased until, at the time of their suppression, there were, according