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 CHANCA

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CHANEL

Indeed, the submission of the Chanaanites was not made effectual nearly so soon as some chapters of the Book of Josue might lead us to expect. Particularly the places that have become best known to us through the excavations. Thenac. Mageddo, and Gazer, are among those that submitted to Israel only after a lapse of time (Jos., xvii, 1 1-13 ; Judges, i, 27-29). Gazer even in the days of Solomon was still inhal >ited by Chanaanites (III K., ix, 16). And in the same context (verses 20-21) we learn that Solomon, through forced statute labour, subjugated "unto this day" the whole of the Chanaanitish population of his realm. Thus Chanaan had become once and for all the servant of Sem. Afterwards Phcenicia with its colonies was subjugated by the Romans, sons of Japheth, and soon vanished altogether from the roll of nations.

In addition to general encyclopedia articles, archaeological and Biblical reviews, sec especially Palestiru Exploration Fund Quarterly Statements (1891-191)7 i; Mitth, ilinm, n unci Xachnch- ten des Deutschen Palastinavereins (1902-1907); and the separate works: Petkii, Tell el-Hesy (Lachish), 1 London. 1S91); Buss. A Mound 0} 1/ n <, il. Ion. LS94); Exca- vations in Palestine during thi Years 1898-1900 (London, 1902); Sellin, Tell Ta'annek: Berichi Bber eine Ausgrabung in Palaslma (Vienna, 1904 1; Em, \, iehl.se auf dem Tell Ta'annek (Vienna, 190o); and the masterly critical compilation of the re- sults obtained, bv VINCENT, Canaan d'apres Vexploration r< - ce-nle (Paris, 1907).

John P. van Kasteren.

Chanca, Diego Alvarez, physician-in-ordinary to Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile and Aragon; dates of birth and death uncertain. Owing to his profes- sional skill and learning, he was appointed by the Crown to accompany the second expedition of Chris- topher Columbus to America in 1493. Shortly after landing on the shores of the Island of Haiti, Dr. Chanca proved his skill as a physician by successfully treating Columbus for an attack of pernicious malarial fever, and saving the lives of other prominent members of the expedition who were attacked by disease. On a site select edbyChanca, whose professional advice had been sought, was established the first Christian settlement in the New World, to which Columbus gave the name of Isabella in honour of his illustrious patroness. In this locality Chanca wrote his letter to the municipal council of his native city, which was the first docu- ment describing the flora, the fauna, the ethnology, and the ethnography of America. A remarkable circumstance in connexion with this letter is the fact that everything therein contained was the result of only three months of observation and study. Upon his return to Spain, Chanca published in 1506 a medical treatise entitled " Para curar el mal de Cos- tado" (The Treatment of Pleurisy), and in 1514, he published a work in Latin criticizing a book entitled "De conservanda juventute et retardanda seneo- tute", the work of Arnaldo de Villanova, a brother- physician. Chanca 's work was published under the title "Commentum novum in Parabolas divi Arnaldi de Villanova ".

Dr. Diego Vlvare Chanca in the Miscellaneous Publications

,,f tin- Smith -.mi in In I 1 1 ul H in ( Wash in gl ; ! >u VbaRRA in

I S t'a'li 11/ i N.» HeriTds and SJti tes, V, pt I (New Yolk < November, 1907). V| x|| ,, s F ,. ENTKS.

Chancel, part of the choir near the altar of a church, where the deacons or sub-deacons stand to

assist the officiating priest. It was originally railed off by cancelli or lattice work, from which the name is derived. The term is now generally confined to

parish churches, and such as have no aisles or chapels round the choir. In some churches, in addition to the principal chancel, there are others al the ends of the side-aisles. The Latin word cancellus was com- monly used for the low screen which marked the separation of the presbyterium and choir from the rest of the church. In a later time the name el

to be applied to the presbyterium itself. Very few chancels, however, of the early period have been

preserved in place. A clear idea of the normal ar- rangement can be had in St. Clement's at Rome, where the sixth-century screens of the choir and pres- byterium were simply removed from the lower church and set up in the twelfth-century church above. In St. Clement's the chancel screen of the presbyterium coincided with the chord of the apse, and the altar also stood upon this line ; the approaches had therefore to be constructed on either side of the altar. The chancels of the presbyterium are surmounted by a light colonnade for the support of curtains. The term was used in England before the Reformation, and the Anglicans still retain it. Among English Catholics it is now little used, that portion of the church near the altar, separated by rails from the nave, being designated the sanctuary. In cathedrals and con- ventual churches, where space is required to accomo- date the canons or the religious, a portion of the church between the sanctuary and the nave is taken for the purpose; it is not, however, called the chancel, but the choir.

Bond, Gothic Architecture in England (London, 1906>; Fletcher. .1 History of Architecture (London. 1905); Atkinson, Glossary of English Architecture (London. 1906).

Thomas H. Poole. Chancellor. See Diocesan Chancery. Chancery, Apostolic. See Roman Curia. Chancery, Diocesan. See Diocesan Chancery.

Chanel, Pierre-Louis-Marie, Blessed, Proto- martyr of Oceanica, b. at diet, dep. of Ain. France, 1803, d. at Futuna, Friendly Islands, Oceanica, 28 April, 1841. Being of humble parentage, a zealous priest, M. Trompier, assisted his education. Ordained priest in 1827, he went as curate to Amberieux and later as pastor to Crozet. His desire to serve in the foreign missions drew him, in 1831, into the newly- founded Society of Mary which, having been formally approved, 29 April, lfyiO, was entrusted with the evangelization of Occidental Oceanica. Chanel, after taking the three religious vows at the hands of Father Colin, founder and first superior of the Marists, embarked that same year for his distant mission under the leadership of Bishop Bataillon, and was sent to the island called Horn, or Allofatu, by geog- raphers, and Futuna by the natives. War between rival tribes and the practice of cannibalism had reduced its population to a few thousands when Chanel landed on its shores. The religion he found there was a worship of terror offered to evil deities. Chanel laboured faithfully amid the greatest hard- ships, learning the native language, attending the sick, baptizing the dying, and winning from all the name of "the man with the kind heart". Niuliki, the then ruler, showed first an amicable disposition towards the missionary and even declared him "taboo", or sacred and inviolable; but when he saw that his subjects were being drawn away from the idols into the white man's religion, he issued an edict against him to avert the movement towards Chris- tianity. At that very time his son Meitala joined the missionary.

Musumusu, Xiuliki's prime minister and an implacable enemy of Christianity, then concocted a plot with the petty chiefs against the Christians, which was carried out with great cruelty At day- break, on 28 April, 1841, the conspirators assembled together and, after wounding many neophytes whom they had surprised sleeping, proceeded to Chanel's hut. One shattered bis arm and wounded bis left

temple with : war club. Another struck him to the ground with a bayonet. A third beat him severely with a club. The missionary was uttering the while words of gentle resignation: 'Malic fuai" (it is well for me). Musumusu himself, enraged at the tardiness of death, split open the martyr's skull with an adze. The remains of the martyred mis-