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 CHALCIS

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CHALCIS

sion were not to exercise their order. The seventh forbade ecclesiastics to exercise the military art or to hold a secular office. The eighth decreed that the clerics of charitable homes, monasteries, or oratories of martyrs should be subject to the bishop of the terri- tory. The ninth ordained that ecclesiastics should conduct their lawsuits only before their bishop, the synod of the province, the exarch, or the Bishop of Constantinople. The tenth forbade ecclesiastics to be enrolled in the church-registers of different cities. The eleventh ordained that the poor and needy, when travelling, should be provided with letters of recom- mendation (littenr pacijifiv) from the churches. The twelfth forbade the bishops to obtain from the em- perors the title of metropolitans to the prejudice of the real metropolitan of their province. The thir- teenth forbade to strange clerics the exercise of their office unless provided with letters of recommendation from their bishop. The fourteenth forbade minor clerics to marry heretical women, or to give their chil- dren in marriage to heretics. The fifteenth decreed that no deaconess should be ordained below the age of forty ; and no person once ordained a deaconess was allowed to leave that state and marry. The sixteenth for- bade the marriage of virgins or monks consecrated to God. The seventeenth ordained that the parishes in rural districts should remain under the jurisdic- tion of their respective bishops; but if a new city were built by the emperor, its ecclesiastical organiza- tion should be modelled on that of the State. The eighteenth forbade secret organizations in the Church, chiefly among clerics and monks. The nine- teenth ordained that the bishops of the province should assemble twice a year for the regular synod. The twentieth forbade again the transfer of an eccle- siastic from one city to another, except in the case of grave necessity. The twenty-first ordained that complaints against bishops or clerics should not be heard except after an investigation into the character of the accuser. The twenty-second forbade ecclesi- astics to appropriate the goods of their deceased bishop. The twenty-third forbade clerics or monks to sojourn in Constantinople without the permission of their bishop. The twenty-fourth ordained that monas- teries once established, together with the property assigned to them, should not be converted to other purposes. The twenty-fifth ordained that the metro- politan should ordain the bishops of his province with- in three months (from election). The twenty-sixth ordained that ecclesiastical property should not be administered by the bishop alone, but by a special procurator. The twenty-seventh decreed severe pen- alties against the abduction of women. The twenty- eighth ratified the third canon of the Council of Con- stantinople (381), and decreed that since the city of Constantinople was honoured with the privilege of having the emperor and tin' Sena e within its walls, its bishop should also have special prerogatives and be second in rank, after the Bishop of Rome. In consequence thereof he should consecrate the metro- politan bishops of the three civil Dioceses of Pontus. Asia, and Cappadocia. This last canon provoked another session of the council, tin' sixteenth, held on 1 November. The papal legates protested therein against this canon, alleging that they had special instructions from Pope Leo on that subject, that the canon violated the prerogatives of the Patriarchs hi Uexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, and was con- trary to the canons (vi, viii of the Council of Nicsea.

Their protests, however, were not listened to; and the council persisted in retaining this canon in its

Wiih this incident the Council of Chalcedon

was closed.

\t the closing of the sessions the council wrote a letter to Pope Leo I, in which the fathers informed

him of what had been done; thanked him for the exposition of Christian Faith contained in his dog-

matic epistle; spoke of his legates as having presided over them in his name; and asked for the ratifica- tion of the disciplinary matters enacted, particularly canon xxviii. This letter was handed to the papal legates, who departed for Rome soon after the last session of the council. Similar letters were written to Pope Leo in December by Emperor Marcian and Anatolius of Constantinople. In reply Pope Leo protested most energetically against canon xxviii and declared it null and void as being against the pre- rogatives of the Bishops of Alexandria and Antioch, and against the decrees of the Council of Nicsea. Like protests were contained in the letters written 22 May, 452, to Emperor Marcian, Empress Pul- cheria, and Anatolius of Constantinople. Otherwise the pope ratified the Acts of the Council of Chalce- don, but only inasmuch as they referred to matters of faith. This approval was contained in letters written 21 March, 453, to the bishops who took part in the council ; hence the Council of Chalcedon, at least as to the first six sessions, became an oecumenical synod, and was considered as such by all Christians, both in the time of Pope Leo and after him. The Em- peror Marcian issued several edicts (7 February, 13 March, and 2S July, 452) in which he approved the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon, forbade all dis- cussions on questions of faith, forbade the Euty- chians to have priests, to live in monasteries, to hold meetings, to inherit anything, to bequeath anything to their partisans, or to join the army. The clerics among the followers of Eutyches, hitherto orthodox, and the monks of his monastery, were to be expelled from Roman territory, as once the Manichaans were. The writings of the Eutychians were to be burned; their authors, or those who spread them, were to be punished with confiscation and banishment. Finally Eutyches and Dioscurus were both banished. The former died about that time, while the latter lived to the year 454 in Gangra in Paphlagonia.

The Council of Chalcedon with its dogmatic defini- tion did not put an end to the controversy concerning the natures in Christ and their relation to each other. Many people in the East disliked the term person useck by the council to signify the union of, or the means of uniting, the two natures in Christ. They believed that Xestorianism was thereby renewed; or at least, they thought the definition less satisfactory 'han St.' Cyril's concept of the union of the two natures in Christ (Bardenhewer, Patrologie, 2nd ed., 321-22). In Palestine, Syria, Armenia, Egypt, and other countries, many monks and ecclesiastics refused to accept the definition of Chalcedon; and Monophy- sites are found there to this day. (See Diosci i;i s; Jacobites; Eutychianism; Monophysitism.)

The \<-ts of the council are in Mansi, Sacrorum ConcUiorum < ,>Il,, tin, VI, VII. For its history see EvAORiDS, Historia ecclesiastica, in /'. (,'., I.XXXVI; Facundus of Hekmiane. Pro defenaione trium capilulorum, in P. L., LXVII; Liberatcs, Breeianum. in P. L.. LXVIII; also Bakoxics, Anno ad an. 4.31 (Lucca, 1741); Natalis Alexander, H

Vr e, 17TS', V; Tili.emont, Mimidn-.i I Venice,

17321, XV; Hefele, History of the Councils itr Edinburgh, 1S71 >. II, and vol. II of the new Benedictine (French transla- tion (Pari-. 1'iiisi; s. iiwane. Doomengeschichte der vatrisli- sehen Zed (Frciliurs. IV. .o; Hahnack, Lchrhuch dcr fioamen- ,-,, s,l,i,htc (Freiburg, lsti-r. II; RrvTNGTON, The Primitive

Church and the See of Peter (London, 1894 i; I ism. Hm-

i ConcUii Chalcedoneneis, in his Opera (Rome, 171".'. 11; Amelli, San Leone Magna ■ VOria le (Monte Cassia.., lS'.HIl; Maktin, Le ps. nu SOUS le nam

du Brigandage d'Ephese, itudit d'apree »e> act*

I'm is;:..; Bi.oti'.eh. Dcr llcil'ge StlM und die s/,,0,,,-11 des Alterthumn, etc. especially Chalce- don, in Zeitxchnjt f. kath. Theologi, I L886 ; Ki bn, gti t hn.st- ., rossen in tyetematischer Darslellung (\\ urzburg, 1894).

Francis J. Schaefer.

Chalcis, a titular see of Greece. The city v, capital of the island of Euboea (Negro]. on; I, and has

been called Eubcea, Stymphelos, Balicarne, Hypo- chalcis, and later Buripos, and Negropont. It was founded in prehistoric times, was prosperous in the