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 CESARINI

546

CESENA

Grand Duke Francesco de' Medici ; including dedica- tion and the indexes, it contains some 670 quarto pages, of which 621 are taken up with the text proper. Unlike the "herbals" of that period, it contains no illustrations. The first section, including thirty pages of the work, is the part of most importance for botany in general. From the beginning of the seven- teenth century up to the present day botanists have agreed in the opinion that Cesalpino in this work, in which he took Aristotle for his guide, laid the founda- tion of the morphology and physiology of plants and produced the first scientific classification of flowering plants. Three things, above all, give the book the stamp of individuality: the large number of original, acute observations, especially on flowers, fruits, and seeds, made, moreover, before the discovery of the microscope; the selection of the organs of fructifica- tion for the foundation of his botanical system; finally, the ingenious and at the same time strictly philosophical handling of the rich material gathered by observation. Cesalpino issued a publication sup- plementary to this work, entitled: "Appendix ad libros de plantis et qusestiones peripatetieas " (Rome, 1603). Cesalpino is also famous in the history of botany as one of the first botanists to make a herba- rium;" one of the oldest herbaria still in existence is that which he arranged about 1550-60 for Bishop Alfonso Tornabono. After many changes of fortune the herbarium is now in the museum of natural his- tory at Florence. It consists of 260 folio pages ar- ranged in three volumes bound in red leather, and contains 76S varieties of plants, A work of some value for chemistry, mineralogy, and geology was issued by him under the title: ''De metallicis libri tres" (Rome, 1596). Some of its matter recalls the discoveries made at the end of the eighteenth century, as those of Lavoisier and Haiiy; it also shows a cor- rect understanding of fossils. The Franciscan monk, Karl Plumier (d. 1704), gave the name of Cesalpinia to a species of plants, and Linnaeus retained it in his system. At the present day this species includes not over forty varieties and belongs to the sub-order Cassalpinioideae (family Leguminosa?), which contains a large number of useful plants. Linnaeus in his writings often quotes his great predecessor in the sci- ence of botany and praises Cesalpino in the following lines:

Quisquis hie exstiterit, primos concedat honores

Cassalpine Tibi primaque certa dabit. Linn.eus, Classes plantarum (Halle-Magdeburg, 1757); Fuchs, A. Ccesalpinus (Marburg, 1798); Flui-kens, Histoire rouverte de la circulation du sang (Paris, 1S57); Sachs, Geschichte der Botanik (Munich, 18751, an exhaustive work but somewhat one-sided ami not always right in its judgments; Haser, Geschichte der Median (Jena, 1881), II; Mabchesini, /„, ,(,,•,•.■. , ,', I r, „/,„,,„ in /.■ Hal ■ ' ». (1891);

■ • . ' ■ ,.■ r dua, 1893 ;

ice. IV.).",, t tains a hihliog-

idriss der Geschichte der PhUa-

many and Bohemia, where the Hussites were in open rebellion. The cardinal thought so highly of his services that lie used to say that, if the whole Church were to fall into ruin, Giuliano would be equal to the task of rebuilding it. He had all the gifts of a great ruler, commanding intellectual powers, and great per- sonal charm. He was a profound scholar and a devoted Humanist, while his private life was marked by sanctity and austerity. In 1426 Martin V created him cardinal and sent hirn to Germany to preach a crusade against the reformers who were committing grievous excesses there. After the failure of this appeal to arms Cesarini was made President of the Council of Basle in which capacity he successfully resisted the efforts of Eugene IV to dissolve the council, though later (1437) he withdrew from the opposition, when he perceived that they were more anxious to humiliate the pope than to accomplish reforms. When the reunited council assembled at Ferrara he was made head of the commission ap- pointed to confer with the Hussites and succeeded at least in winning their confidence. In 1439, owing to a plague, the council was transferred from Ferrara to Florence, where Cesarini continued to play a promi- nent part in the negotiations with the Greeks. After the successful issue of the council, Cesarini was sent as papal legate to Hungary (1443) to promote a national crusade against the Turks. He was opposed to the peace which Ladislaus, King of Hungary and Poland, had signed at Szegedin with Sultan Amurath II, and persuaded the former to break it and renew the war. It was an unfortunate step and resulted in the disastrous defeat of the Christian army at Varna in 1444, when Cardinal Giuliano was slain in his flight. His two well-known letters to iEneas Sylvius about the pope's relations to the Council of Basle are printed among the works of Pius II (Pii II Opera Omnia, Basle 1551, p. 64).

Vespasiano da Bisticci, Vile di Vomini illuslri, first printed at Rome, 1763; also printed in Mai, Spicilegium Homanum. I 166-1S4; and in the new ed. of Vespasiano (Bologna. 1892), I. Jenkins, The Last Crusader: The Life and Times of Cardinal Julian (London. 1861); Pastor, History of the Popes, tr. Anthobus (London. 1899), I; Gregohovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, tr. Hamilton (London, 1900), V It, Part I, Bk. XIII, i.ii; Chevalier. Rep.: Bio-bibl. (Paris, 1905-1907) gives an extensive bibliography.

Edwin Burton.

Cesena, Diocese of(C.esenatensis). The ancient Ccesena is a city of Emilia, in the province of Fori!

ardo, // primato '/■

Idem, l.n bntan leu in Itn/

id. ii. on p. 49; ("f.iieiuv sophie (Berlin, 1901 .III

Joseph Rompel.

Cesarini, Giuliano (also known as Cardinal Julian), b. af Rome, 1'398; d. at Varna, in Bulgaria, 10 November, Mil. He was one of the group of brilliant cardinals created by Martin V on the con- clusion of the Western Schism, and is described by Bossuet as the strongest bulwark thai the Catholics could oppose to the < Ireeks in the Council of Florence. Be was of good family and was educated at Perugia, where he studied Etonian law with such success as to be appointed lecturer there, Domenico Capranica and Nicholas of Cusa being among his pupil-. \\ hen the

schism was ended by the universal r ignition of

Martin V as pope, ( iiuliano returned to Rome, where

he attached himself to Cardinal Branda. Suggestions

of wide r "i were rife, and the principles of theout-

mitv ..I the Church and its reformation from within became the ideals of bis life. In 1419 he accompanied Branda on his difficult mission to Ger-

ib Century)

(Italy), in the former States of the Church. It is situated picturesquely on a hill at the base of which Hows the Savio. It was probably of Gallic origin, and was taken by the Romans in the third century b. c. It was destroyed during the civil wars between Marius and Sylla. 'After the overthrow of the Ostrogoths it became a part of the exarchate.