Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 3.djvu/56

 BUDE

34

BTJDWEIS

The consecration of religious men and women to the lifelong service of afflicted humanity is foreign to dreamy Buddhist monasticism. Again, the wonder- ful efficacy displayed by the religion of Christ in purifying the morals of pagan Europe has no parallel in Buddhist annals. Wherever the religion of Buddha has prevailed, it has proved singularly inefficient to lift society to a high standard of morality. It has not weaned the people of Tibet and Mongolia from the custom of abandoning the aged, nor the Chinese from the practice of infanticide. Outside the es- tablishment of the order of nuns, it has done next to nothing to raise woman from her state of degrada- tion in Oriental lands. It has shown itself utterly helpless to cope with the moral plagues of humanity. The consentient testimony of witnesses above the suspicion of prejudice establishes the fact that at the present day Buddhist monks are everywhere strikingly deficient in that moral earnestness and exemplary conduct which distinguished the early followers of Buddha. In short, Buddhism is all but dead. In its huge organism the faint pulsa- tions of life are still discernible, but its power of activity is gone. The spread of European civiliza- tion over the East will inevitably bring about its ex- tinction.

I. Texts. — Davids and Oldenberg, Vinaya Texts in Sacred Books of the East (Oxford), XIII. XVII. XX; Rhys Davids. Buddhist Suttas, op. rit.. XI; Idem, The Mahaparinib- bana Sutta, op. cit., XI; Idem. The Questions of King Milinda, op. cit., XXXV. XXXVI; Fausboll, The Sutta-N ipata, op. cit.. X. Pt. 1; Mt'l-i.ER, The Dhammapada, op. cit., X, Pt. II; Kern. The Saddharma-Pundarika, op. cit., XXI; Mt'LLER, The Sukhavativyuha, op. cit., XLIX, Pt. II; Takahusu, The Amitai/ur-Dhyana-Sutra, op. cit., XLIX, Pt. II; WaRREN, Biuidhism in Translations (Cambridge. 1891)); Chalmers AND Others The Jatakas (3 vols., Cambridge, 1895-97); Bigandet, The Life or Legend ofGaudama (2 vols.. London, 1880); Cowell, The Buddha-Charita, in Sacred Books of the East, XLII; Foo- caux, Lalita Yistara, in Annates du Musee Guimet (Paris), VI, XIX.

II. Works on Buddhism. — Barth. The Religions of India (London, 1891); Hopkins. The Religions of India (Boston, 1895); Williams, Buddhism in Connection with Brahmanism and Hinduism (London, 1889); Coppleston, Buddhism, Primitive and Present (London, 1892); Davids. Buddhism, its History and Literature (New York. 1S96); Aiken, The Dhamma of Gotama the Buddha and the Gospel of Jesus the Christ (Boston, 1900); Edmunds, Buddhist and Christian Gospels now first Compared from the Originals (London, 1904); Kellogg, The Light of Asia ami the Light of the World (London, 1888); Dahl- mann, Buddha, ein Culturbiht des Oslcns (Berlin, 1898); DE LA Saussaye, Lehrbuch dcr Religionsgeschichte (2 vols.. 3d ed., Freiburg, 1905), II; Poussin, Bouddhisme. Etudes et Materiaux (Paris, 1898); Hardy, Der Buddhismus nach altercn Paliwerken (Minister, 1890); Oldenberg, Buddha (Berlin. 1904; tr., London, 1882). CHARLES F. AlKEN.

Bude (Bud^us), Guillaume, French Hellenist, b. at Paris, 1467; d. there, 22 August, 1540. He studied at Paris and Orleans, but with little success or appli- cation. Subsequently, however, he seemed to ac- quire a sudden passion for learning. After taking lessons in Creek from Hermonymus, and profiting by the advice of Joannes Lascaris, he attained great proficiency in that language. He studied at the same time, philosophy, theology, law, and medicine, in all of which he made rapid progress. Bude"s abilities were recognized by Louis XII, whose secre- tary hi- became after his return from a successful embassy on occasion of the coronation of Pope Julius II. He was sent to Rome again on a mission to Pope Leo X (1515), but was recalled at his own re- quest ^nil accompanied Francis I in his travels. It was then that In' suggested to the king the creation of a college lor the study of the three languages (Creek, 1 lebrcw, ami Latin), afterwards tile "( 'ullege de France". Empowered to ask Erasmus to take charge of it (1517 18), be failed in his mission, and the college was not founded until 1530. At his sug- gestion, also, Francis declined to prohibit printing, as the Sorbonne had advised (1533). Literary France owes to Bude's efforts the foundation of the "Bibliotheque ile Kontainebleau ", which was the origin of the "Bibliotheque Nationale". His letters

to Erasmus, Thomas More, Sadolet, Rabelais, and others, WTitten in Greek, Latin, or French, were the delight of scholars of the time. Bud£ was suspected of leanings towards Calvinism, and certain parts of his correspondence with Erasmus seemed to coun- tenance this suspicion. However, it was disproved after his death. Having already translated into Latin many of Plutarch's Lives (1502-05), he pub- lished his "Annotationes in XXIV libros Pan- dectarum" (Paris, 150S), in which, by applying philology and history to the Roman law, he revolu- tionized the study of jurisprudence. Bude's treatise on Roman coins and weights, " De asse et partibus ejus" (Venice, 1522), was the best book on the sub- ject written up to that time. In 1520 he published a philosophical and moral dissertation, " De con- temptu rerum fortuitarum"; in 1527, "De studio litterarum", in which he urges youth not to neglect their literary studies. Greek, however, was his favourite study, and we have from him, "Commen- tarii lingua' gra?ca?" (Paris, 1529), which greatly advanced the study of Greek literature in France, "De transitu helenismi ad Chris tianismum" (Paris, 1534), and various other works of similar scope though of minor importance. His complete works were published at Basle in 1557.

Le Roy. Vita G. Budai (Pans. 1540); Niceron. Histoire de lavieetdesourraoesde Bud,} in Mem., VIII, 371-89(1727-45); E. deBode, Vie de Guillaume Bude (Paris, 1884).

M. DE MOREIRA.

Budweis (Czech, Budejovice; Lat. Budovicitjm), Diocese of (Bohemo-Budvicensis), situated in Southern Bohemia, suffragan to the Archdiocese of Prague. Although projected since 1630, the dio- cese was not erected until the reign of Emperor Joseph II, by a papal Bull of 20 September, 1785. By the provisions of this Bull, the civil districts of Budweis, Tabor, Prachatitz, and Klattau were sepa- rated from the Archdiocese of Prague and erected into the new Diocese of Budweis, thus giving it an area of 5600 sq. miles with a population of 660,000. The church of St. Nicholas at Budweis was made cathedral, and the Archbishop of Prague contributed 3300 Rhenish marks (present value 10,080 kronen or $2,016) towards its endowment.

The following bishops have occupied the See of Budweis: (1) Johann Prokop, Count von Schaffgotsche (1785-1813), formerly rector of the Generalseminar at Briinn, and canon at Olmiitz; (2) Ernst Konstan- t in RuSicka (1815-45); (3) Joseph Andreas Lindauer (1845-50); (4) Johann Valerian Jirsik (1851-83), es- pecially noteworthy for the part he took in the de- velopment of the diocese; (5) Franz, Count Schonborn (1NN3 85), later Cardinal and Vrchbi hop ol Prague, d. 1899; (6) Martin Joseph Rfha (7 July, 1885-6 February, 1907), the first diocesan ecclesiastic to be appointed Bishop of Budweis. The present adminis- trator (1907) is the Vicar Capitular, J. Hulka. In conformity with the decree of the provincial council of Prague (1860) three diocesan synods have been held (1S70, 1872, 1875).

Statistics. — According to the organization of 1857 the Diocese of Budweis is divided into the Vicariate-! leneral of Budweis on which depend the archdeaconry of Krummau, the provostship of Neuhaus, and 8 archipresbyterates: Budweis, Klat- tau, Krummau, Neuhaus, Cans, and Winterberg, with 4 vicariates each, and Strakonitz and Tabor with 5 vicariates each, making a total of 3 1 vicariates. Among the 432 ecclesiastical divisions fur the cure of souls, there are two archdeaconries, 57 deaneries, 360 parishes, 5 expositures, and 1 administrature, with a total population (1907) of 1,123.113. This number is divided as follows: 1,11)6.729 Roman Catholics (an average of 98.1 per cent, in many vicariates 99.92 per cent of the whole population); 1589 members of the Augsburg Evangelical Church;