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 CEDD

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CEDRON

near Babylon. The religion of the Cedarenes, like that of all pre-Islamitic Arabs, was Sabianism, or worship of the heavenly bodies. Their chief divinity was Atarsamaim, i. e. "Atar [Athtar-Astarte] of the heavens". In Judith, i, 8. instead of "Cedar" we must probably read "Galaad" with the Septuagint.

Smith. Hist. 'of Assurbanipal (London, 1871), 256 sq., 383 BH.;Cundf.Inscnpt. of West. Asia, III.pl. 24-28; Records of the Pa ' Ser. I), I, 93 sq.. Ill, 115; Vigouroox, La Bible et les deeouv. mod. (Paris. l.SS'.t:, l\\ 293 sq : Delitzsch, Wo lap das Parodies, 296 sq.; Glaser, Skilze der Geseh. Aratiiens (Berlin. 1901), II, 267 sq.; Margoliocth in Hast., Diet. Bib., II. 832; Halevy in Diet, dc la Bible, I. 862, 865; Legendre, ibid., II, 357.

F. Bechtel.

Cedd (or Cedda), Saint, Bishop of the East Saxons, the brother of St. t'eadda; d. 26 Oct., 664. There were two other brothers also priests, Cynibill and Caelin, all born of an Angle family settled in Northumbria. With his younger brother Ceadda, he was brought up at Lindisfarne under St. Aidan. In 653 he was one of four priests sent by Oswiu, King of Northumbria, to evangelize the Middle Angles at the request of their ealdorman, Peada. Shortly after, however, he was recalled and sent on the same missionary errand to Essex to help Sigeberht, King of the East Saxons, to convert his people to Christ. Here he was consecrated bishop and was very active in founding churches, and established monasteries at Tilbury and Ithancester. Occasionally he re- visited his native Northumbria, and there, at the request of .lEthelwald, founded the monastery of La?stinga?u, now Lastingham, in Yorkshire. Of this house he became the first abbot, notwithstanding his episcopal responsibilities. At the Synod of Whitby, like St. Cuthbert, he, though Celtic in his upbringing, adopted the Roman Easter. Im- mediately after the synod he paid a visit to Lsest- ingaeu, where he fell a victim to the prevalent plague. Florence of Worcester and William of Malmesbury in later times counted him as the second Bishop of London, but St. Bede, almost a contem- porary, never gives him that title. His festival was kept on 7 January.

Yen. Bede. Hist. Eccl. Gentis Ang, III. 21-23, 25; IV, 3. practically the only source and followed by William of Malmksrcry, Gesla Pont., Ill (Rolls Series, 1S70); Capgrave, Nova Legenda Angliee ( 1516. Oxford, 1901), and Boli.andists, Acta 88., I, Jan. 7; Bollandists, BM. Hag. Lat. (1899), 258; Ohalloner. Britannia Sancta (London, 1745). I. 10, and Memorial of Ancient British Piety (London. 1761): Bctler, Lives of the Saints, 7 Jan.; Hole in Diet, of Christian Biog. (London, 1877). I, 430; Tout, in Diet. Nat. Biog. (London, 1887). IX, 413.

Edwin Burton.

Cedes (or Cades; Heb., znp,Qedtsh, sanctuary; Gr., K&ons, Kddes or Ke^es), two cities of Palestine.

(1) A Levitical city and place of refuge in Nephtali (Jos., xix, 37; xx, 7; xxi. 32; 1 Par., vi. 76), hence called "Cedes in Nephtali" (Judges, iv, 6), or "Cedes in Galilee" (Jos., xx, 7, etc.), to distinguish it from Cedes in Issachar and Cades (Heb. Qidish) in the Negeb. The form Cades occurs in the Vulg. only in Jos., xii, 22, and I Mach., xi, 63, 73. The name would indicate that it was a sacred city before the Hebrew occupation. Cedes was the home of Barac, and here he and Debbora gathered their army, con- sisting mainly of men of Nephtali, Zabulon and Issa- char, before giving battle to Sisara, mar Mt. Thabor (Judges, iv. 'i. 10 sq.; v. 1.")). In the reign of Phacee, King of Israel, it was taken by Theglathpbalasar and its inhabitants were carried captives to Assyria (IV K.. xv, 29). During the ftfachabean wars Jonathan defeated the generals of Demetrius II. Nicanor, in its neighbourhood (I Mach., xi. 63-74). At the time of the great Jewish rebellion it was in the hands of the Tyrians. and Titus camped under its walls before tak- ing Gischala (Joseph., Bell. Jud., II, rviii, 1; IV, ii. 3). In Josephus it appears variously as VLtbiori, KVSaffa, K&Saaa, and Ku5a<r<i. Euscbius calls it KvSut<t6s,

St. Jerome, Cidissus (in de Lagarde, "Onomastica," 271,53; 110,8). Cedes was a city of Upper Galilee, close to and north of Asor (Jos., xix, 37; IV K., xv, 29; I Par., vi, 76; I Mach., xi, 63, 67-73; Joseph., Ant.,V,i, 18, 24; IX, xi. 1; XIII. v, 6, 7). As the lat- ter lay in the neighbourhood of Lake Huleh, the Bibli- cal "Waters of Merom". or Lake of Semechonitis of Josephus (Jos., xi, 1-10; Joseph., Ant., V, v, 1), Cedes cannot have been far distant from its shores. There can be no doubt, then, that it is to be identified with the village of Qades or Qedes, situated on a hill north-west of the lake. Here are found the founda- tions of an ancient wall, ruins of a temple and of a large mausoleum, a number of fine specimens of sar- cophagi, some of which are double, besides pieces of broken columns, bases and capitals, scattered over the hill or imbedded in the walls of the houses. These remains show that in the Greek or Roman period, to which they are due, Cedes was an important city. Such it must always have been by reason of its strong position on one of the trade routes from Tyre to the regions across the Jordan, though after the time of the Judges it hardly figures in Hebrew history.

Exception has recently been taken by Conder, Hummelauer, Zanecchia, etc., to the common opinion which connects this Cedes with the events of Judges, iv. They would place the home of Barac at an- other Cedes, in the south of Nephtali, which they identify with Khirbet Qadlsh on the Lake of Genesa- reth, south of Tiberias. A city of Cedes existing at this point would throw light on some of the details of the narrative. It would help to explain how Barac managed to assemble a large force without interfer- ence on the part of Jabin, King of Asor, which is hard to understand if the rendezvous was at the Cedes of Upper Galilee. Its nearness to Mt. Thabor would also explain why the battle with Sisara came to be fought near that mountain. Lastly, the arrival of the flying Sisara at the tent of Jahel, apparently on the day of the battle itself, would be more readily understood. The only direct argument. however, for the existence of this second Cedes is the similarity of the name Qadlsh. The identification of Sennim (Heb. Ca dnannim or Be(d dndnnim), where the tents of Haber the finite were pitched, with Sinn-en-Nabrah (Hummelauer) or with Khirbet Bessum (Conder) is too uncertain to base any conclusions upon it.

(2) A Levitical city of Issachar assigned to the family of Gersom (I Par., vi, 72 — Heb. 57). In the parallel list of Jos., xxi, 28 it is called Cesion. The Cades of Jos., xii, 22, commonly held to be Cedes in Gali- lee, is by some identified with this Cedes of Issachar.

Robinson, Bibl. Research. (London. 1856) 111,367; Surrey W. Pal.. Mem., I, 204, 226 sq.; Guerin. Galilee (Paris. 1 ^71 75), II. 355 sq.; Zanecchia, La Pal. d'auj., II, 715; Buhl, Geoo. des alt. Pal., 235 sq.; HrMMELArER, t'oinw. in Jos.. 437, 442; Legendre in Vig.. Diet, de la Bible, II, 360.

I'. Bechtel.

Cedron, Brook of (Heb. p-np !>n3, Ndhdl Qidhrim, "Wadi Qidron"; only once jiTTp ni"TJ' "fields of Qidron"; John, xviii, 1, 6 x^^ppos ° K^Spwv; in R. V., Kidron). The name designates in Holy Writ the ravine on the east of Jerusalem, between the Holy City and the Mount of Olives. The word Cedron is usually connected with the root "Tip, Qadar, "to be dark", and taken to refer to the colour of the stream or ravine; but its exact origin and pre- cise meaning arc really unknown. The Valley of Cedron begins with a slight depression near the Tombs of the Judys, a mile and a quarter north-wesl of Jerusalem. It runs first south towards the Holy City, and then turns nearly east, passing to the north of the Tombs of the Kings. Next, it bends to the right towards the Bouth, deepening as ii follows this general direction between Jerusalem and the Mount of (Hives. Opposite St. Stephen's gate, it is fully 100 feet deep and about 400 feet broad; its bed is shaded