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 CAUSSIN

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CAVAGNIS

and Lome. ed. Mansell and Veitch (London, Edinburgh, 1859-60). Nos. 39. 40; Mill. System of Logic (London, 1S43); Joseph Rickaby, God and His Creatures, tr. of Contra Gentile* (London, 1905).

Commentaries. — Grote, Aristotle, ed. Bain and Robertson (London, 1872); Saint-Hilaire, Works, especially prefaces and notes to Logique d'Aristote (Fans. 1844), Psychologic d'Aristote (Paris, 1S46), Physique d'Aristote (Paris, 1862), Mctaphysiquc d'Aristote (Paris, 1879); Harper. Metaphysics of the School (London, 1S81); Lorenzelli. Philosophic Theoreticiv Insti- tutions* (Rome, 1896); De Mandato, Institutions* Philo- sophical (Prato. 1894); Cornoldi. tr. Dering. The Physical System of St. Thomas (London, 1S93); Rickaby, First Prin- ciples, in Stonyhurst Manuals (London. ISSN); Ralmez, tr. Browngon, Fundamental Philosophy (New York, 1896); de Wulf, Introduction a la philosophic neo-scholastique (Louvain, 1903), tr. Coffey, Scholastic Philosophy (Dublin, Mew York, 1907); Bradley, Appearance and Reality (London, 1893); Stirling. The Secret of //.././ (London. 1865); McCosh, The Scottish Philosophy (London, 1875); Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, ed. Baldwin, I: (New York, London, 1901); Ttndall. Address delivered before the British Association at Belfast (London. 1874); Mr. Mill on Causation in Dublin Review (July, 1876), XXVII. Francis Aveling.

Caussin, Nicolas, a famous Jesuit preacher and moralist; b. at Troyes in France, in 1583; d. at Paris, 2 July, 1651. His father, a physician of extensive practice, was able from a competent income to aid materially in the development of the remarkable talents that his son early displayed. Young Caussin's success in oratory, part icularly after his entrance into the Society of Jesus (1609), was brilliant, and drew to him the attention of the royal family. When the kingdom of Henry IV was fast declining under the impotent sway of the queen-regent, Marie de' Medici, Louis XIII came to the throne. Richelieu sum- moned Caussin to Court to direct the young king's conscience. The task was a difficult one in those dis- turbed times, but Caussin, with scrupulous earnest- ness, gave heart and soul to the work. The king, who relied implicitly on him, was made to realize that peace would once more reign in his realm and in his own soul when he recalled the queen-mother and other members of the royal family from the banishment in which they were languishing. Riche- lieu disliked this advice and accused Caussin of raising false scruples in the king's mind, and even of holding communications that savoured of treach- ery, or that were at all events disloyal to his sovereign, with another of the royal chaplains. Caussin was at once banished to Quimper-Corentin in Brittany, where he remained until the death of Richelieu in 1643, when he returned to Paris to prepare his works for the press.

Many false statements regarding Caussin's dis- grace were current. The Jansenist Arnauld claims that "it was well known from persons intimately connected at the former Court of Louis XIII, that Father Caussin considered himself obliged to tell His Majesty that attrition, arising from the fear of hell alone, was not sufficient for justification, as there could be no justification without love of God, and this was what caused his disgrace". Many more surmises were indulged in by other Jansenist s. hut the reason given above is admitted by unfriendly biographers of the father. Among his works are: "La Cour Sainte" (5 vols.) — "A comprehensive system of moral maxims, pious reflections and his- torical examples, forming in itself a complete library of rational entertainment. Catholic devotion, and Christian knowledge." It was translated into several languages, and lias .lone much to perpetuate his fame. The English translation was printed in Dub- lin in 1815. " be parallele de 1'eloquence sacree et profane"; "La vie de Sainte Isabelle de France, soeur du roi St. Louis"; "Vie du Cardinal de Riche- lieu"; "Thesaurus Gracae Poeseos". For his other works see De Backer, " Bibl. des ecriv. de la c. de J. " (Liege, 1855), and Sommervogel (new ed., Liege), II.

Feller. Biog. Univ. (Paris, 1834), III, 252; Dchr. J esuiten Fabelen (4th ed., 1904), 670 sqq. ; CbErot in Diet, de theal. cath.,

s.v. John J. Cassidy.

Cava and Sarno, Diocese of (Cavensis et Sarnensis). Cava dei Tirreni is a city picturesquely situated in the province of Salerno, in Southern Italy. It was built by the inhabitants of Marina, after the destruction of that city by the Vandals (c. 455). In 980 St. Alferio Pappacarbona, monk of Cluny. with- drew to a deep cleft in Monte Finestre which domi- nates the city, and became the founder of one of the most celebrated of Italian monasteries. Its abbots received many privileges from the popes, especially from Urban II, who visited the monaster}', and from Boniface IX, who in 1394 attached the episcopal dignity to the abbot's office. The cathedral of Cava, famous for its organ, has been since 1513 the princi- pal church of the city. The library of the monastery is very rich in ancient parchments, mostly private in character, written in Greek, Latin, Italian, and Arabic. It has also a beautiful gallery of paintings. Since 1S60 the monastery has been one of the "na- tional monuments"; some monks remain as its cus- todians. There are in Cava a college, gymnasium, and lyceum, in charge of Benedictines. In 1818 the Diocese of Sarno was united to that of Cava. Sarno is a city in the province of Salerno, situated on the river of the same name. It was made an episcopal see in 1066, the first bishop being Riso. Cardinal Sfondrato, Archbishop of Anialfi, was at one time Bishop of Sarno. The united dioceses are immedi- ately subject to the Holy See. They contain a popu- lation of 58,200, with 27 parishes, 5 religious houses of men and 7 of women.

Cappelletti, Lechiese a" Italia (Venice. 1844>. XXI. 380 si; Annoles ('licenses '569 -1315 1 in M<m (,'erm ///./; Script. (1839), III. 186-97; Morcaldi, Codex diplomaticus Cavensis (Naples, 1870); A. Dantikr, Les couventa aVItalie: La Cava in Rev Contempor. (1854), XIII, 523 48; Gruyer, Urn abbayi

ben, diet ine our inriroii.- .'■ S.itenn. ',< Sunit, Trinil, J. t'uvii, ir, /.. I'orrespondant I Pans, lSS(l). 846-7:1; liroin, .,„'.* Quart Rev. (1848). V, 183; C. I. Hemans in The Acad, my (1875), VIII, 262-63, 364-65.

U. Benigni.

Cavagnis, Felice, canonist, b. in Bordogna, Dio- cese of Bergamo, Italy. 13 January. 1841; d. at Rome, 29 December, 1906. After a brilliant course in the Pon- tifical Roman Seminary he received the doctorate in philosophy, theology, and in civil and canon law. Leo XIII named him professor of public ecclesiasti- cal law in the Roman Seminary in 1880, a position which he retained for fifteen years, during which time he proved himself an eminent canonist, especially in all that related to the constitution of the Church and its relations with civil society. The Roman Con- gregations vied with one another in securing his ser- vices. He was appointed Consultor of the Sacred Congregations of Bishops and Regulars, of the Coun- cil, and of Studies; Consultor and Secretary of the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Af- fairs; Canonist of the Sacred Penitentiary; and member of the Commission for the Codification of Canon Law. In all these exalte, 1 offices he left pro- found traces of his acuteness and skill in handling arduous and delicate questions. Austria, Spain, and Portugal honoured him with titles and distinctions. while the sovereign pontiff made him successively canon of several Roman basilicas, rector of the Roman Seminary, Domestic Prelate, and finally, 18 April, 1901, raised him to the cardinalate. He is best known by his important work: " Institutiones Juris Public! Ecclesiastici" (Elements of Public Ec- clesiastical Law), a reliable and even classical manual of ecclesiastical government. He was conspicuous for gentleness of manner and the modest retirement which he observed even as cardinal. His death was mourned as a public loss to religion and science. The most important of his publications are: " Delia natura di societa giuridicae pubblica competente alia Chiesa" (Rome, 1880); "Xozioni di diritto pubblico natuxale ed ecclesiastico" (Rome, 1886); "La Massoneria quel