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 CASTELLI

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CASTIGLIONE

fessor of mathematics in the University of Rome. In 1625 he 'was sent with Monsignore Corsini to study the disorders occasioned by the waters of the Ro- magna, and to propose a remedy. Here he com- pleted his important work on the "Mensuration of Running Water", in which lie developed the im- portant relations, that the speed of a current varies inversely as the area of its cross section, and that the discharge from a vessel depends on the depth of the tap below the free surface of the water. He was often consulted in other provinces of Italj r in connex- ion with drainage, water-supply, prevention of floods, and the like.

His chief work is"DellamisuradcH'acquacorrente " (Home, L628; 3d ed., 1660), translated into English by Salusbury (London, 1661), and into French by Saporta (1664), reprinted (Bologna, 1S23) in Cardi- naii's collection "d'autori italiani che trattano del moto dell'acqua". Another work is "Risposta alle opposition! del Sig. Lodvico, Arc. contro al trattato del Sig. (lalileo, Delle cose che stanno sopra acqua" (Bologna, 1655). According to Poggendorf, the in- vention of the helioscope is ascribed to him.

- m SBURT, Math Collections and Translations (London, 1661): La Crawl, Encycl., s v.

William Fox.

Castelli, PietbO, Italian physician and botanist, b al Koine in 1574; d. at Messina in 1662. He was graduated in 1617, studied under the botanist Andrea Cesalpino, and was professor at Rome from 1597 to 1634 when he went to Messina. He laid out the botanical gardens at Messina (1635), where he culti- vated many exotic medicinal plants. He was equally distinguished as a botanist, chemist, and surgeon. He stoutly maintained the necessity for all physicians of studying anatomy, and declared in 164S that he had dissected more than one hundred corpses. The learned Dane, Thomas Bartolinus, was led by Cas- telli's fame to visit him in Messina, in 1644, and

- of his activity as a publicist. He wrote no less than one hundred and fifty pamphlets. Among these there is one written in 1653 in answer to in- quiries by Hieronymus Bardi of Genoa, wherein

Hi speaks of the cinchona plant and its cura- tive properties in cases of malaria. He seems to have had but little knowledge of the plant, and no experience in its medicinal application. Still, the pamphlet is noteworthy as being the first Italian publication that mentions the Peruvian febrifuge.

Roupel, Krilische Studien ubcr die Chinarindc (Feldkirch, 1905).

Charles G. Hebbermann.

Castello, Giovanni Battista. Italian painter, sculptor, and architect; b. at Gandino, in the Yalle Seriaha, in the territory of Bergamo, in 1509 (some writers state 1500 or 1506); d. at Madrid, in 1579. He is commonly called II Bergamasco, to distinguish him from Giovanni Battista Castello. a Genoese, who was a miniature-painter. When young, he was en- trusted to the care of Aurelio Busso of Crema, a pupil of Polidoro da Caravaggio, by whom he was taught the first principles of his art. That painter took him to Genoa, and after some time left him in that city, unprotected and without means, but considerably

advanced in his studies. AGei Be nobleman, Tobia

Pallavicino, took him under his protection and sent him to Rome to study the great masters there, where he li"':iiii'' very proficient in painting, sculp- ture, and architecture. On his return to Genoa he decorated the palace of bis protector and painted some frescoes in the church of San Marcellino. He made a great reputation by his painting of the Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, in the monastery of San Sebastiano and. together with Luca Cambiaso, was employed by the Duke Grimaldi, in the Nun- ziata di 1'ortoria in Genoa, Castello painting on the

ceiling of the choir the Saviour as Judge of the World, and Luca painting the laterals with the Fate of the Blessed and the Reprobate. On visiting his native country, desiring to leave there something worthy of his fame, he undertook his great work in the hall of the Lanzi Palace at. Gorlago, where he has repre- sented some of the most interesting subjects of the Iliad.

Towards the latter part of his life (1567) he was invited by Philip II to visit Spain and was em- ployed by that monarch in the palace of the Prado, which he ornamented with subjects from Ovid. He also executed some works in the Escorial and other palaces, and died holding the office of architect of the royal palace. As architect, he is supposed to have remodelled the church of San Matteo in Genoa and to have designed the imperial palace at Campetto. The paintings of Castello show correct design, with excel- lent colouring, more nearly allied, however, to the Venetian than to the Roman school.

Milizia, Lives of Celebrated Architects, II. 65. 66; Pilkinoton. Diet of Painters, 105; Bryan, Diet, of Painters and Engravers, I. '267. 26S; ChaUPUN \sa> PERKINS, Cijcl. of Painters and Paint- ings, I, 145.

Thomas H. Poole.

Castellon de la Rana. See Segorbe.

Castelnau (Chateauneff), Pierre de. See Pierre de Castelnau (Chateauneuf), Blessed.

Castelsardo, Diocese of. See Ampurias.

Castiglione, Baldassare, an Italian prose-writer, b. at Casatico, near Mantua, 6 December, 147S: died at Toledo, Spain, 7 February, 1529. After receiving a classical education at Milan, he went to the court of Ludovieo il Moro. Soon, however, owing to his father's death in 1499, he left the Sforza and became a retainer of Francesco Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua. In September, 1504, 1'rbino became his new residence, and here, in the service of Duke Guidobaldo da Mon- tefeltro, he spent the best years of his fife. The splendour of the Montefeltro court was such as to attract thither the most distinguished writers and artists of the time, and in their midst Castiglione, though engrossed in momentous affairs of state, drank at the fountain-head of art and literature. In 1513 Francesco Maria della Rovere, Guidobaldo's successor, made him a count and later his ambassai lor to the Holy See. In 1524 Pope Clement VII sent him as a special envoy to Charles V, but, in spite of his good offices on behalf of the pontiff Rome was sacked on the 6th of May, 1527, and Clement made a cap- tive. This melancholy event broke Castiglione in health and spirits and hastened his death. Great honours were paid to his memory, and Charles the Fifth was said to have called him "one of the best knights in the world". His fame, however, mainly rests on his "Cortegiano" (Courtier), a work in four books, describing the accomplishments and moral character of the ideal courtier. He began writing it in 1514 and finished it four years later, but polished its style so elaborately as to delay its publication until 1528, one year before his death. A truly rep tative son of the Renaissance, he exhibited in his "Courtier" brilliant classical scholarship and exquisite taste, combined with a keen spirit of observation and noble conceptions. As a result "II Cortegiano" gradually acquired a world-wide reputation, and was translated into a dozen languages, including Japanese. The latest English translation is that of Opdyke (New York, 1902). His many letters, in part unpublished, are of considerable importance,

Cian, // Cortegiano del Contc B. C. annotato c illustrate nee 1894); Hakitnati, Natisie storico-bibliografiche inlorno al Conic B. C. (Florence. 1890).

Eiioardo San Giovanni.

Castiglione, Carlo Ottavio, Count, philologist and numismatist, b. of an ancient family at Milaa