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which are arithmetic, geometry, music, and as- tronomy. Dialectics, to which he attributes great importance, he considers part art and part science. Of course, Cassiodorus subordinates the profane studies to theology, but, unlike Isidore, for example, his extracts and compendiums do not dispense the monks from making further researches; they rather provoke such research by referring to books with which he was careful to equip the convent library. It had been his dream to found the first theological faculty in Rome; at least he had the merit of putting in the first rank of monastic occupations intellectual work, to which St. Benedict had allotted no place. During his public career Cassiodorus endeavoured to reconcile two races, the Goths and the Romans; in his religious retreat he laboured with greater success to harmonize the culture of the ancient with that of the Christian world. Modern civilization was the outgrowth of the alliance brought about by him.

Garet (Garetitjs), Cassiodori oprra onuria (Rouen. 1679; Venice, 1729); also in P. L., LXIX-LXX; lanV. ed. Momm- pi:>j in Man. Germ, hist.: Auci. ant. (Berlin 1894), XII; Chronican in Chronica minora, ed. Mommsen, II; Mon Germ, hist.: Auct. ant. (Berlin. 1894), XI, 109-161; Hodgkin. The Letters of Cassi- odorus, Being a Condensed Translation of the VaricE (London, 1SS6>: Mortet, Notes sur le trxfe des institutions de Cassiodore (Paris, 1904). and in Revue de phtloloair (1900. 1903); Roger, L Ensciom nun/ ■ >■ .- hltres ilassui'iis d'Ansone a Alcuin (Paris, 1905). 175-187; Zimmer. Pelagius in Ireland (Berlin. 1901), 200-216; HaRTMANN in Pacly. Real-Ena/c. des class. Alt . ed. Wissowa, VI, part I, s. v. Cassiodoms (Stuttgart, 1899). 1671, eqq. For earlier bibliography see Chevalier, Rip. Bw-bibl.

Paul Lejay.

Influence of( Iassiodorus upon Church Music. — In his work on the liberal arts (De Artibus ac Disciplinis Liberalium Litterarum) Cassiodorus writes of music under the heading, Ivstitutiitncx musicce, and this latter treatise has been reprinted by Gerbert (Scriptores eccl. de mus. sacr., I) and is particularly valuable for the study of the early beginnings of the music of the Church. Cassiodorus did not go to the original sources — the Greek theoricians — for his knowledge of the Greek system of music, which was the only one then known and which he taught his monks. He borrowed from the Roman author Albinus, whose works are now lost. Cassiodorus, with Boethius, is the chief exponent of the theory of music between antiquity and the early Middle Ages. For this reason his writings are of great assistance to the many students who are occupied in restoring the chant of the Church, especially as to its rhythm, in accordance with the oldest tradition. His works also contain instructive information about musical instruments in use in his time, namely the flute, shawm, bag-pipe, pipe of Pan, and the organ.

Dreves. Aurelius Ambrosias (Freiburg, 1893); Riemann, Handbuch der M usikgeschiehie (Leipzig, 1906).

Joseph Otten.

Cassock. Sec Costume, Clerical.

Casson, Francois Dollier de, fourth superior ot Saint-Sulpice, Montreal, Canada, b. near Nantes, France, 1030; d. in 1701. He was first a soldier and served as a captain under Marshal Tuienne, his bravery eliciting this general's esteem. In 16.57 he entered the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice, at Paris, was admitted into the Company, and went to Canada in 1066. There he devoted himself with great ardour to missionary work and, in company with Father Galinee, a fellow Sulpician, made a reconnoitring tour of Lakes Erie and Ontario; unfortunately, his account of the expe- dition has been lost. In 1071 Father de Cissnn suc- ceeded Father deQueylus as superior of the Sulpicians, and while in this position contributed largely to the development of Yillemarie (Montreal), planned the laying out of its streets, began the canal known since by the name of Lachine, and, moreover, stimulated the energy of the colonists under trying and hazard- one circumstances. He wrote a "Histoire du Mont- real" (Memoires de la soci(5t<§ historique de Montreal,

1S69), and " Recit de ce qui s'est passe au voyage que M. de Courcelles a fait au lac Ontario" (Bibliotheque nationale de Paris, old French supplement, no. 13, 516, 516, fol. 207-218).

Lobineau, Les vies des saints prctres de Bretagne et des

pcrsonncs d'unc emincntc piite qui ont vecu dans cette province (Pans. 1N3SI, V. 305-312; Letourneau, Les saints pritns fr.ineais du X VI I' si, etc (Paris. 1S97); Bertrand, Bibliotheque sulpicienne (Paris, 1900), I. 157-160.

A. FoURNET.

Cassovia, (Hung. Kassa; Germ. Kaschau; Slav, Kostce), Diocese of (Cassoviensis), in Hungary, founded in 1804 by the division of the Diocese of Agria, in the archdiocese of the same name, and the Dioceses of Cassovia and Szatmar. It includes Abauj, Saros, and Zemplen. Its first bishop was Andrew Szabo (1804-19). The chief benefactors of the diocese were the Bishops Emerich Palugyay (1831-38); John Perger (1868-76), and Constant in Schuster (1877-87). The episcopal city, situated among vine-clad hills, on the Hernad, 130 miles north-east of Budapest, is one of the principal towns of Northern Hungary and the seat of numerous industries. The population in 1900 was about 40,000, mostly Catholic Magyars. The Cathedral of St. Elizabeth (restored 1882-96) is one of the most beautiful monuments of Gothic art in Hungary. There are in the diocese 197 parish churches and about 300 priests. The ecclesiastical seminary has about fifty students of theology. Premonstratensian Canons have houses at Cassovia and also at Lelesz. There are also in the diocese four small con- vents of Franciscans, two houses of Piarists, besides Ursulines, Dames Anglaises, Sisters of Charity, etc. In 1900 the Catholic population of Latin Rite was 307,186; Greek Catholics, 160,527, The Protestant population numbered 898,727; Israelites, 35,475. An illustrated description of the diocese in two volumes was printed on the occasion of its first centenary (1904). A history of the diocese was then published. A. Fischer-Colbrie.

Castabala, a titular see of Asia Minor, Latin title suppressed, 1894. This city was situated somewhere on the river Pyramos (now Djihan) in Cilicia, and was also known as Hieropolis. It was probably near Osmanie\ in the vilayet of Adana, perhaps at Kestel or Kastal, a village five or six miles south of Ana- zarbus. Others have located it, erroneously, at Karanlik or Kartanlik between the Pyramos and jEgsea (now Ayas), or at Kara Kaya near Demir Kapou (Amanica; ports). According to Hierocles, Georgius Cyprius, and Parthey's " Notit i;e episcopa- tuum" (I), it was a suffragan of Anazarbus, metrop- olis of Cilicia Secunda. About the tenth century it seems to have been confounded with or united to Mamista, i. e., Mopsuestus. Seven bishops are men- tioned by Lequien (II, 901). The first, Maris, is spoken of in an apocryphal letter of St. Ignatius, and another letter is addressed to him. Moyses was present at Nicaui in 325. Theophilus, a semi-Arian and friend of St. Basil, was sent to Rome on an em- bassy with two colleagues. Th( last, Theodoras, attended the Trullan Council in 692.

Ramsay. Hist. Geogr. of Asia Minor (London, 1890), 342; a paper ir. Rertic da * hides anciennrs (1901 ), III, 279 ; Amshan, Stssouan (Venice, 1899), 173, 427, 476.

S. Petrides.

Castagno, Andrea, or Andreino del, Florentine painter, b. near Florence. 1390; d. at Florence, 9 August, 1457. Little is known of his life. Vasari tells us that his father was only a poor labourer and that the painter himseif commenced life as a keeper of cattle. It is nol known wliat led him to Study art, or who was his first master. In 1 131, after the return of the Medici, he was given a commission to commemorate i'l painting on the faeade of the palace the execution of the Albizzi, the Peruzzi,