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 CARVAJAL

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CARVAJAL

During a third voyage to Canada, undertaken in the year 1541, with five ships, Jacques Cartier passed the winter at the entrance of the River Cap-Rouge, fortifying his position for fear of being molested by the neighbouring savages. At this place, which he named Charlesbourg-Royal, Cartier awaited the arrival of the Sieur de Roberval, whom the king had charged to colonize Canada (1540). However, the spring having arrived without Roberval, Cartier thought it wise to return to France. Reaching Newfoundland, he met Roberval, who wished him to return to Canada. Cartier, however, persisted in setting sail for France, and the issue of Roberval's attempts at colonization afterwards justified the conduct of the discoverer of Canada. The King of France, as solicitous as was Cartier himself for the safety of Roberval, resolved to send an expedition to his relief. Cartier assumed command of this expedition, and hence his fourth voyage (1543), of which we have no details. After that he crossed the sea no more, but retired to his manor of Limoilou, near Saint-Malo, where lie remained until his death.

Voyages de Jacques Carfier au Canada en 1534 (Paris, 1865) ; Bret r> > narration de la navigation faite >ri /

tr /<■ Capitaine Jacques Cartier (Paris, 1863); Manet, Biographic des Malouins c, l.hrcs (Saint-Malo, 1824); DuPLAIS, La Brctagne et ses fits (Paris, 1887); Haroct. Jacques Cartier (Nantes. 18S4); Jouon des Longrais, Jacques Cartier (Paris, 1885); Dionne, Jacques Cartier (Quebec, 1889).

N. E. Dionne.

Carvajal, Bernardino Lopez de, Cardinal, b. 1455. at Plasencia in Estremadura, Spain; d. at Home 16 Dec. 1523. He was a nephew of the famous Car- dinal Juan Carvajal. and owing to tin- universal es- teem for the latter advanced rapidly in tin- ecclesias- tical career at Rome, whither lie came during the pontificate of Sixtus IV (1471-84). Under Innocent VIII lie held successively the Spanish sees of Astorga (1488), Badajoz (1489), and Cartagena, in which latter quality lie was sent as nuncio to Spain, and by their Catholic Majesties sent back as Spanish am- lor to Alexander VI, by whom he was made Cardinal of Sts. Peter and Marcellinus in 1493, which title he exchanged in 1495 for that of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme. In the next following years he was sent twice as legate to the German imperial court, also to Naples, ami acted as Governor of the Cam- pagna. In 1503 he was made Bishop of Siguenza in Italy, and Administrator of Avellino; from 1507 to L509 lie was in turn Cardinal-Bishop of Albano, Fras- cati, Palestrina and Santa Sabina. In spite of this rapid advancement and his numerous benefices he is best remembered as the leading spirit of the schis- matical Council of Pisa (1.511), which he organized with the aid of four other cardinals (Briconnet, Fran- Borgia, Sanseverino, and Rent? de Prie) ; dis- i it ion with his treatment by Julius II, and subserviency to the excommunicated French king, Louis XII led Carvajal to this rebellious attitude. Moroni (I)iz.. X, 134) says that he went so far as to accept the office of antipope (Martin VI) at Milan whither the Council was soon transferred. Von Reu- ni.mt says (Gesch. d. Stadt Rom. Ill, ii, 78-70) that in Piss he "as known to the urchins of the street as "Papa Bernardino". It would seem, therefore, that ambition was bis chief failing; otherwise he was re- puted a good theologian and a friend of art and letters. virtuous, eloquent, and skilful in the business of the curia. Both Carvajal and his colleagues were excom- municated by Julius II. and deposed from their offi- ces, which act of tin i nfirmed by the Fifth Lateral] Council (1512). At the seventh session (1513) of this council the Italian cardinals. Carvajal and Sanseverino, separated from their two French colleagues, formally renounced the schism, and were restored by Leo X to their offices. (Pastor, Gesch. d. Papste, Freiburg, 1906, IV (1), 37-40). Carvajal was later made Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia and Dean of

the Sacred College, with his uncle's former title of San Marcello, and as such welcomed to Rome Adrian VI, (op. cit. IV (2) 47-48), whom he survived, and Clem- ent VII. He had lived at Rome under eight popes, and was buried in his titular church of Santa Croce, where a magnificent sepulchral monument perpet- tuates his memory. The noble but modernized fres- coes (Pinturieehio school) in the tribuna of the apse, representing the Discovery of the Holy Cross, are owing to his generosity. His natural gifts, inherited prestige, numerous benefices, high offices, love of splendour, and great wealth attracted to him more than once the favourable attention of several con- claves, but at a critical period in his career he stood in his own light by fathering an ugly and perilous schism on the very eve of the Protestant Reformation. Antonio, Bibl. Il'isp. nam (Ma.lri.l, I7s:;i, I. l'C Id; ]•:.;. ;s. Purpura docta (Home. 17'JSl, III. 27S; Hefele-Hergen- rother, Conciliengeschichte, \ III. 470sqq ; Sandret, LeCon- cile de Pise, in Renic  ;t In t ( Ins.; i, X XXIV, 425 sqq.; Rossrach, Das Lebcn und die politisch>kirchliche WirksamkeU des Bern. Lopez de Carvajal, Kardinal von Santa Croce (Breslau. 1893); Maurenrrecher, Gesch. der kalh. Reformation (Nord- lingen, 1S801, I, passim.

Thomas J. Shahan.

Carvajal, Gaspar de, Dominican missionary, b. in Estremadura, Spain, c. 1500; d. at Lima. Peru, 1584. Having entered the Order of St. Dominic in Spain, he went to Peru in 1533 ami devoted himself to the conversion of the native Indians. In 1540 Carvajal accompanied the famous expedition of Gon- zalo Pizarro to the territory of Quixos and the Ama- zon. After several months of toilsome travel Pizarro and his followers reached Canelos, the limit originally proposed for their expedition; but hearing from the natives of the existence of a rich and fruitful land be- yond, they resolved to press forward. They soon found themselves in a country destitute of provisions and infested with tribes of tierce and unfriendly Indians. Coming to the River Napo, Pizarro decided to send a small band of men accompanied by Carvajal and under the command of Francisco de Orellana down the river in search of provisions. Having reached the point of confluence of the Xapo and Amazon, Orellana resolved to abandon his brigantine to the course of the river. Carvajal and another member of the expedition, Sanchez de Vargas, pro- tested against this proceeding of dishonour and treachery. They were both promptly landed by Orellana, and later Pizarro and his men found them in the wilderness. The expedition returned to 0">to in 1542 with only eighty survivors of the original four hundred. Carvajal was sent by his superiors to the mission of Tucuman, where for several years he laboured with unceasing zeal and devotion for the conversion of the native tribes in this immense territory. Having been elected to the office of pro- vincial, he spent the greater part of lour years in organizing and extending the province ami founding new convents. In 1 . . ( > . ". he was chosen to represent the province of Peru at Rome, but in all probability he did not cross the ocean.

AppUton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography, I. 545-46; Prescott. History of II*, I Minn

HEN M Donovan.

Carvajal (Carvaoial), Juan, Cardinal, b. about 1400 at Truxillo in Estremadura, Spain; d. a1 Rome, 6 December. 1409. Little is known of his early youth. except that he made much progress in canon and civil law. and by 1440 had attained distinction at I '■■■ auditor of the Rota (q. v. and governor of the City. Thenceforth his life was to be spent mostly in th eign service of the Holy See; his contemporary, Car- dinal Jacopo Ammanati, says (Comment., 1,2, 7) that he was sent twenty-two times as papal legate to various rulers and countries. Between 1441 and 1 lis he spent much time in Germany and laboured, in union with Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa (q. v.), to