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CARTIER

ring, stole and maniple, the last being worn on the right, arm. These ornaments the nun only wears again on the day of her monastic jubilee, and after death on her bier. It is a consecrated nun who sings the Epistle at the conventual Mass, though without wearing the maniple. At Matins, if no priest be pres- ent, a nun assumes the stole and reads the Gospel. There are also lay sisters, Donnces, and Sacurs Touri- eres. Famous among Carthusian nuns have been St. Roseline of Villeneuve and Bl. Beatrix of Ornacieux. The most complete general notice together with a full bibliog- raphy is given in Heiribvcher, Orden u. Kongregationen der katholischen Kirche (2d ed., Paderborn, 1907); see also La Grande Chartreuse par un Charlreux (Lyons, 1N9S). Sources for St Bruno's life are in Acta SS.. October, III; the only modern critical life is Lobbel, Der Slifter des Karthauserordens, in Kirehenncschiehtl. Studien (Monster, 1S99), V, pt. I. The I ie de S. Bruno par un rcligieux de la Grande Chartreuse (Montreuil, 1S98) gives the traditional version. Thombt, Stnria critica- crnnnlnijiea e Jiplnmatira del patnarca s. Brunone e del sua online Cartusiano (10 vols., Naples, 1773); Le Cocteulx, Annates ordinis Cartusiensis (8 vols., Montreuil, 1901); Lefebvee, S. Bruno el VOrdre das Charlreux (2 vols.. Paris. 1SS3); Hend- ricks. The London Charterhouse (London 18*9 Chaunct.

//, '. ni aliuuot marti/rum [Montreuil, ISsS': Tin Chartreuse of S. Hugh in Sussex, in Tin Month i August, 1SS7): Grattan Flood, The Carthusians in Ireland, in [r. Eecl. Bee. (Sept., 1907) The best description of the Carthusian life is.TnoROLD, ■hs at the Gran le Chartreuse, in The Dab. Ber. (April, !-:<_' . Statuta ordinii cartusiensis a domino Guigone priore eartn-.ie e.lila i Basle. l.'.lOi; Stat uts des Maniala Chartreuses (Correrie. 1690). For the spirit of the order see Le MaBSON, Direetorium Novitiorum utriusque sexus, in Nova Colleetio Statu- lorum (4th ed.. Correrie, 1736); The Carthusians (Rochdale. 1902), an official pamphlet; La vie contemplative, son rdle apostolique par un Charlreux (Montreuil, 1900).

Ratmcxd Webster.

Cartier, Georges-Etienne, a French Canadian statesman, son of Jacques Cartier and Marguerite Paradis, b. at St. Antoine, on the Richelieu, 16 Sept., 1N14; d. in London, 20 May, 1873. He studied at Montreal College (Sulpicians). During the Canadian rebellion (1837-38) he fought at the battle of St. Denis. Forced to cross the frontier, he was reported frozen to death in the forests of Vermont. He prac- tised law successfully in Montreal. Elected for Vercheres (1849), he followed Lafontaine and Bald- win, the founders of constitutional government in Canada. He was successively honoured with im- portant seats in the Cabinet. Under the Union of the two Canadas (1841-67) he was four times Attorney-General of Lower Canada: in 1856, in 1857, with the leadership of his province; in 1S5S as Premier of Canada, and in 1864. After the Confederation (1867) he was Minister of Militia.

The following important measures are mostly due to his influence: the Grand Trunk Railway (1S52); the final settlement (1854) of the seigniorial (feudal) tenure, which had become an obstacle to agriculture and industry; Victoria Bridge (inaugurated in 1860); the judiciary decentralization of Lower Canada; the creation of normal schools (1857); the modification of the criminal laws (1864); the codification of civil laws (1865). To avert legislative union, detrimental to the nationality and faith of the French Cana- dians, Cartier concurred in effecting — as a remedy — the Confederation of Upper and Lower Canada (Ontario and Quebec) with the Maritime Provinces (Nova Scotia and New Brunswick). By his ability, energy, and patriotism, he succeeded in securing for his native province as a condition sine qua rum a degree of autonomy and a parliamentary representa- tion proportionate to its historical and political

importance, and in safeguarding the rights of the English and French minorities respectively in the provinces of the former Union. Under the Confedera- tion, he contributed to the building of the Inter- colonial Railway, the acquisition of the North-Wesl Territories, framing for Manitoba a constitution which respected the rights of minorities, lie likewise shared in drawing British Columbia and Vancouver into the Confederation, and in realizing the Canadian Pacific Railway. Cartier was created a baronet in 1 S68.

During twenty-five years he was the uncontested leader of his province in the struggle for equal rights. A man of indomitable energy, equally loyal to the Catholic Faith, to his French-Canadian origin, and to the British Crown, he directed his fellow-country- men in the path of progress and prosperity, assuring to them the advantages of responsible government and a large share of influence in the councils of the nation.

Turcotte, Le Canada sous I'Union (Quebec, 1872): Revue canadienne (Montreal, 1S73); Courrier du Canada (Quebec, 1873); Tasse, Discours de Sir Georges Cartier (Montreal, 1893). Lionel Lindsay.

Cartier, Jacques, the discoverer of Canada, b. at Saint-Malo, Brittany, in 1491; d. 1 September, 1557. Little is known of his youth, but it is probable that he followed some of his countrymen on their adven- turous expeditions to Newfoundland or to Brazil.

Cartier offered

his services to P h i 1 i p p e d e Chabot, Seigneur de Brion and Ad- miral of France, at a time when Francis I was about to renew those attempts at French colon- ization in which Thomas Aubert (1508), Jean Denys(1506), the Baron de Lery (1528), the brothers Par- mentier (1520). and Verrazano the Florent ine (1523) had been the principal agents. His re- putation as a mariner marked him out for pre- ferment. Two

Jacques Cartier

(From the original Painting in the Town

Hall of Saint-Malo. France)

small ships of sixty tons, equipped with sixty men each, were placed at his disposition; he set sail, 20 April, 1534, from Saint-Malo, and in twenty days made Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland. Continuing his explorations northwards, Cartier entered the Strait of Belle Isle and explored the coast of Lab- rador as far as Brest, then, turning south, followed the western coast of Newfoundland as far as Cape St. John. He then sailed towards the Magdalen Islands, which, as well as Prince Edward Island, he sighted, and, advancing towards the west, he visited the entrance of the Miramichi River. Chaleurs Bay. and Gaspe Basin. Thence, crossing the estuary of the St. Lawrence to the northern coast, he shaped his course back to France.

This first voyage lasted 137 days. On his return. Cartier made a circumstantial report of his expedit ion, and next year the king offered him a commission to continue his explorations. Three ships, fitted out with 110 men, set sail 26 May, 1535, and this time, determined to attempt the ascent of the great river, Cartier went up as far as Hochelaga i Montreal'), returning to pass the winter at Stadacona (Quebec), near which were four or five Indian villages. 1 la\ ing entrenched himself at the mouth of the River I.airet. a tributary of the Sainte-Croix, he was able to live quietly during the winter, but unfortunately the scurvy broke out among his companions of whom twenty-five died. After planting a cross on the spot where they had wintered, (artier sailed for France (6 May). He arrived safely at Saint-Malo, 16 July.