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 CARRIERE

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CARROLL

had at Carrhse a very flourishing Church; Patriarch Michael the Syrian enumerates seventeen bishops from t lie eighth to the twelfth century (Revue tie ['Orient chretien, 1901, p. 197). One Latin bishop is known, but not with certainty (Eubel. I. 282). Carrhse was the residence of Merwan, the last of the Ommiad caliphs, and became the centre of a famous Mussulman school, where, in the tenth century, many Greek works wore translated into Arabic. Harran, to-day a village in a wide, barren plain, desti- tute of trees, is not far from the river Belikh (Bi- lichus), and about 25 miles from Orfa (Edessa) in the vilayet of Aleppo. Its houses are shaped like sugar loaves and inhabited chiefly by bedouins. There are ruins of a Roman camp, of many churches, and of a fortress dating from the Crusades. Near the village is still to be found the well whence Rebecca was drawing water when Eliezer found her.

Ainswobth, Researches in Assyria, Babylonia, and Chaldeea,

153; Chesney. Thr Erprddion fnr thr Surrey of thr Rivera

Euphrates and Tigris, I. is. 106 1.".; II. 401. 426-33, tfiO; Chwolson, Dii > <bi. r t/nd der Ssabismus, I. 301 171; Stanley, The Jewish Chnrrh. I. -Ill US; Ainswokth, iiaran in P \ceedings of thr Society of Biblical Archeology (1901), XIII, as/, 390 ; Badger, Thr Neslorians, 341; Sachau, &

md Mesopotamien, 217-224: Sunn, Diet, of Greek and Roman Geography (London, 1878). I. 526.

S. Yailhk.

Carriere, Joseph, moral theologian, thirteenth superior of the seminary and Society of Saint-Sulpice, b. 19 February, 1795, at La Panouze-de-Cernon, near Rodez. Franco: d. at Lynns. 23 April, 1864. Heentered the seminary of Saint-Sulpice in 1812, and five years later, at the age of twenty-two, became a member of the society and was ordained priest. The following year he was called to Saint-Sulpice to teach the postgrad- uate course of moral theology, and, despite his ex- treme youth, distinguished himself as a brilliant and sound teacher. In 1829 he came to America in the capacity of official visitor to the Sulpician houses; invited to take part in the First Provincial Council of Baltimore, held in that year, he gained admiration there by his learning as well as by his charming and simple character. The works which have given him a place in the history of theology were chiefly pub- lished between 1829 and 1850, when he was chosen superior of the society, a position he retained till his death.

Carrie-re's published writings are: "Dissertation sur la rehabilitation des marriages mils " (ISL's 34); '•Juris cultor theologus circa obligationes restitu- tionis", by I. Vogler, S. J., enlarged ami adapted to tin French Law (1833), ami incorporated in Migne's " Theologize CursusCompletus"; " Prselectiones theo- logies: De Matrimonio" r2 vols., Paris, is:i7; Lou- vain, 1838); a compendium of this work (1837), which has had eight editions; " Pradectiones theoiogicEe: De justitisS el jure" (3 vols., Paris, 1839; Louvain, 1845), and a compendium (1840) which also reached its eighth edit ion; " Prelect iones theologie:e: De Con- tracODUS (3 vols.. Paris. 1844 47; Louvain. 1 8 Hi IS), of which the compendium ( 1S4S) has had four edi- tions. Carriere was the first writer of note to treat theology in its relations to the Napoleonic Code: his expositions of the French Law were .so lucid, full, and accurate that they were used as authorities by jurists, and. it is s;iid. are even to-day so regarded. These

qualities characterize his whole work; the opinions

he rejects are treated as fairly and almost as fully as those he adopts; his works abound in erudition, but are clear, orderly, precise admodum ■■ ni-riirnlir. says Bather Hurter, S. J. He was inclined

to the opinion, generally held in France in his day, thai the State had the power to create diriment im- pediment! to marriage among Catholics; but he aban- doned it as soon as it was disapproved at Rome. Conservative in temperament and by education, he was one of the first to combat the ideas of de Lamen-

nais. His position at Saint-Sulpice afforded a wide scope to the influence of his learning and solid judg- ment, and of his simple and upright nature as well, antl made him one of the foremost figures of the French Church in his day.

O'Mahont, Joseph Cat Dublin, 1865); Bertram), His-

toire liUeraire de la r. de Saint-Sulpice i Paris. 1900), II, 272 sq.; Levesque in Diet, de thiol, cath. (Pans. 1905).

John F. Fentlon.

Carrieres, Louis de, b. in the chateau de la Plesse in Avrille. Angers. France, 1 September, 1662; d. at Paris, 11 June, 1717. He entered the French t >ra- tory at a time when such masters as Le Cointe, Thomassin, Malebranche, Richard Simon, and Bern. Lamy were flourishing, and made the Holy Scrip- tures the favourite subject of his studies. In his solicitude to promote Biblical science he founded a scholarship, the first beneficiary of which was the well-known C. F. Houbigant. He held various offices in his community, and earned the reputation of a priest as modest as he was learned.

His work, "La Sainte Bible en francais, avec un commentaire litteral insere dans la traduction", has won for his name a widespread and long-lived celeb- rity among the readers of the Holy Scriptures in French. It differs entirely from anything published by former commentators. Taking Le Maistre de Sacy's transla- tion as a framework, a few words of paraphrase are here and there used to explain difficulties or clear up obscure places. These simple and short, additions, inspired for the most part by Vatable, Tirinus, Meno- chius, Bonfrere, and Jansenius, and printed in italics, are at first glance discernible from the text itself, with which at the same time they are so amalgamated as to form but one continuous narrative. There are no notes to interrupt the text ; no tiresome enumerations of the various interpretations brought forward in the course of ages; hence no necessity for the reader to compare and choose among them. A few blemishes, however, mar these real qualities; besides occasional mistranslations, some groundless hypotheses and opinions now antiquated, the reader may think that better judgment could at times have been shown in the choice of authorities and interpretations.

The first volumes published at Paris and Reims in the beginning of the eighteenth century were heartily welcomed and highly recommended by Bossuet, who encouraged the writer to pursue his work and augun d well lor its success. The commentary, forming twenty four volumes, duodecimo, was completed in 171U. New editions rapidly followed one another: the second edition w it h preface, summaries, and disserta- tions compiled by the Abbe de Vence, twenty-two volumes, duodecimo (Nancy, 1738 ITU 1 : third edi- tion, five volumes, octavo ( Paris. 1740) ; fourth edition, ten volumes, octavo (1747. Sfth edition, with maps and illustrations, six volumes, quarto (1750), etc. Car- rieres' paraphrase, slightly corrected, toget her with an abridged revision of Calmet's commentaries and a few dissertations from the Abbe de Vence, made up Rondet's -Bible d'Avignon " (1748 1750), widely known later as " Bible do Vence". I Hiring the nine- teenth century Carrieres' version has been frequently reprinted, often with the commentaries of Meno- chius, sometimes also with the notes of modern inter- preters, like Sionnet (1840) and Drioux (1884).

[ncjold, Essai de bibliograi' ■ - 1880);

■ I //' el an XI \ isc,.", : Pom. !' Pari 1878 i Ro et, Sainte Bible ■ >< latin el en

\: i L74s, ! Bible en

• • 'it \s. L. Souvay.

Carroll, Ch ■ 11.1 ton. Am

state man. b. at Annapolis, Maryland, 19 September, I7:i7, d. at Doughoregan Manor "ear Ball Maryland, 14 November, 1832 His grandfather, Charles ( larroll, emigrated from I Ingland to .Maryland