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CARRANZA

prosecute his studies, and was chiefly influenced by the works of Andrea del Sarto, Titian, and Correggio. He returned to Bologna in 1589 and with Agostino and Annibale, his nephews, opened the Academy degli Desiderosi, "the school of those who regret the past, despise the present, and aspire to a better future". For eleven years these three worked together, and then, the younger men going to Rome, Lodovico remained the sole head of the Academy until his death. The object of the "Eclectics" was to combine in their art Michelangelo's line, Titian's colour, Correggio's chiaroscuro, and Raphael's symmetry and grace. Midway, however, in their successful career, the three Carracci were forced to modify their eclecticism and rely more and more on nature. The fame of the Carracci Academy was great, its influence spread over all Italy, and Lodo- vico's was a great name — great more on account of the painters he developed than from his own work with the brush. Albani, Guido Reni, Domenichino, Lanfranco, Spada, Tiarini, and Bonzi (// Gobbo) were among those who attended the school. Lodo- vico's paintings are pleasing in colour, and exhibit much intelligence and technical skill, but lack spontaneity, originality, and individuality. He was a teacher rather than an artist. His engravings, much more interesting than his other work, are very beautiful; evidently he began his plates by freely and simply etching them and then finished with an elaborate use of the graver. Chief among his works are: "Ecce Homo" (Rome); "Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes" (Berlin); "Virgin and Child" (Paris). Among his etched and engraved plates are the "Holy Family" and "Samson overcoming the Lion".

Crowe and Cavalcaselle, History of Painting in Italy (London, 1864); Lvbke, Gesch. der italienischen Malerei (Stuttgart, 1878); Michaud, Biog. Univ.: Landon, Vies el fEuvr>s dcs peintrcs les plus celtbres de loutes les ecoles (Paris, 1803-25); Vasari, Vite de' piu eccellenti piltori, scultori e architetti (Florence, 1849).

Leigh Hunt.

Carranza, Bartolome (also called de Miranda, from his native town), Archbishop of Toledo; b. at Miranda de Arga, Spain, 1503; d. at Rome, 2 May, 1576. Carranza belonged to a noble family which had its estates at Miranda de Arga in Spanish Navarre. He received his early education at Alcala and in 1520 entered the Dominican convent of Benalaque near Guadalajara. He continued his philosophical and theological studies at Salamanca; in 1528 he was made master of the liberal arts, and in 1534 lector of theology, at the College of St. Gregory, Valladolid. On account of some doctrinal opinions he was said to hold, an accusation was about this time brought against him, but nothing further came of it. Car- ranza's reputation as a learned theologian increased rapidly, and he was appointed censor by the Inquisi- tion and was commissioned to prepare opinions and sermons. He was also sent by his order on various important missions. Thus in 1539 he represented his province at the general chapter of the Dominicans at Rome. After his return, in 1540, the Emperor Charles V offered him the See of Cuzeo in Peru, but Carranza declined the appointment and continued performing his duties as lector of theology at Val- ladolid. In 1545, when the Council of Trent was opened, Charles V sent Carranza and another Domin- ican, Dominicus de Soto, :>s imperial theologians, to the council, and by June, 1545, Carranza was in Trent. During the first period of the council (1545- 47) he took tin active pari in the discussions of the theologians in the congregations, expressed opinions concerning the various matters appointed for discus- sion, the sacraments in general, Baptism, the Eucha- rist, and the Sacrifice of the Mass, and preached at Divine service, 14 .March, before the assembled coun- cil (Le Plat, "Monum. Trident". I, .">_> 62, gives the

text of the sermon). He also showed great zeal in the conferences concerning the reform of church disci- pline. In the warm discussions as to the duty of episcopal residence, Carranza, like all the Spaniards, was strongly of the opinion that the duty of residence was a Divine law (juris divini), and therefore could not be delegated to a vicar. On this question Car- ranza wrote and issued a treatise, " Controversia de necessaria residentia personali episcoporum et aliorum inferiorum ecclesiai pastorum Tridenti explicata " (Venice, 1547), which may be found in Le Plat, " Monum. Trident.", Ill, 522-584. Carranza also had a share in drawing up the eleven articles proposed by the Spaniards, which treated the duty of episcopal residence and other questions of discipline relating to the office of a bishop. When the council was trans- ferred to Bologna he did not go to that city, but re- mained in Trent. In 1548 Charles asked him to ac- company Prince Philip to Flanders as confessor, but Carranza declined the position; in 1549 he refused the appointment of Bishop of the Canary Islands.

After his return to Spain, in 1549, he was made prior of the monastery at Palencia, and in 15.50 pro- vincial. In 1551, when Pope Julius III reopened the Council at Trent, Carranza went once more to that city to take part in the deliberations. The council was again interrupted in 1552, and Carranza went back to Spain, where, besides his duties in his order he also took part in the labours of the Inquisition. As almoner of Prince Philip, Carranza came in con- tact with the prince, and often preached before him and his court. When, in 1554, Philip was betrothed to Queen Mary of England, and was preparing to go to that country for the marriage, he sent Carranza and other members of Spanish orders ahead of him, in order to give support to the queen in her efforts to bring back the country to the Catholic Faith. Car- ranza remained until 1557 in England, where he was actively engaged, in connexion with Cardinal Pole, as visitator and preacher. He sought to prevent the sale of Piotestant books, preached frequently against the false doctrines, and made an inspection of the University of Oxford, from which, by his efforts, a number of professors were expelled. After Charles V had abdicated the throne and was succeeded, in Spain, by Philip, Carranza returned, in 1557, to the ( Continent, and went to Flanders, where the new king had his principal resilience at that time. In Flanders the zealous Dominican also busied himself with ef- forts to check the introduction and spread of Protes- tant writings and to maintain the Catholic Faith.

The See of Toledo falling vacant by the death of the Cardinal Archbishop Stliceo, 31 May, 1557, the king decided upon Carranza as successor to the posi- tion. In vain did Carranza exert himself to win the favour of the king for another candidate. Philip II persisted in his choice, so that at last Carranza yielded and was preconized by Pope Paul IV, 16 December, 1557, as Archbishop of Toledo anil, therefore, Primate of Spain. Carranza received episcopal consecration at Brussels, in 1558, from Cardinal Granvella, then Bishop of Arras. Equipped with important political instructions the new archbishop left Flanders in June and reached the court at Valladolid in August. Soon after this he went to Yuste to visit Charles V, who was dying; he remained with the emperor until the latter's death. A report arose in time that Carranza had led Charles into heretical views, so that the em- peror had not died in the true Catholic Faith. This rumour was pure invention, but it gave a new ground for the process before the Inquisition which had al- ready begun against him. It was only for about a year that Carranza was able to devote himself to his diocese, where he bestowed especial attention upon the care of the poor. In 1558 his "Commentary on the Christian Catechism" (Commentarios del revmo. Sen. Fray Bartolome Carranza de Miranda sobre el cate-